Kuyini i-cholesterol futhi yini okufanele yenziwe ngezinga layo eliphakeme?

Kuyini i-cholesterol? I-cholesterol yinto engokoqobo yeqembu lama-alcohols. I-compound iyiphuzo lemvelo le-polycyclic lipophilic.

Ku-biochemistry, kuyisiko ukubiza le ndawo ngamakhemikhali, ngokuya ngezigaba ezamukelwe, i-cholesterol. Le ngxenye ingenye yezindlela eziyinhloko ezibandakanyekile ekwenziweni kokuphendula okuningi kwe-biosynthesis.

Inani elikhudlwana lekholesterol edingekayo ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwazo zonke izitho lakhiwa esibindini kanye nezinye izitho zomzimba. Ingxenye encane yale nto ingena emzimbeni njengengxenye yokudla okudliwayo.

Utshwala beLipophilic obuqhamuka ngaphandle bubizwa ngokuthi i-endo native, synthesised in theibindi kanye nezinye izitho zomzimba, bubizwa bangaphandle.

Umzimba womuntu ngokuzimela ukhiqiza cishe i-80% yotshwala be-lipophilic obudingekayo, futhi yi-20% kuphela evela endaweni yangaphandle ngokudla. Isakhiwo samakhemikhali asisebenzi kangako emanzini, kodwa sincibilika emafutheni.

Indima ye-Biological kanye ne-biosynthesis

Indima yalesi simo samakhemikhali we-bioactive kunzima ukuyidingida; iyadingeka ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile nasekusebenziseni impilo.

I-cholesterol iyingxenye yolwelwesi lweseli, ilunikeza ngamandla athile nokuqina ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kokufakwa kwamamolekyuli e-phospholipid. Kulesi simo, lesi sakhi sidlala indima yesimangaliso sokugeleza kwe-membrane ye-plasma yeseli.

I-Cholesterol inikeza uchungechunge lokuphendula kwe-biosynthesis okuholela ekwakhiweni kwamahomoni ocansi e-steroid, njenge-testosterone ne-corticosteroids.

Ngaphezu kwale misebenzi, kunikeza ukwakheka kwamavithamini eqembu D.

Kulokhu, imisebenzi yotshwala be-lipophilic ayiphelile, lesi sakhi:

1. ihlinzeka ngemibono ekhethiwe ye-membrane ye-plasma yamaseli;
2. kuvikela amangqamuzana egazi abomvu emiphumeleni emibi yobuthi be-hemolytic;
3. ubamba iqhaza ekuhlinzekeni izicubu zamathambo ngokudla okunempilo, ubamba iqhaza ekuthuthweni kwamaprotheni athile nezinto zokungcola ezivela kumaseli emisipha angasebenzi lutho emanzini;
4. ubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwama-bile acid abandakanyeka ukugaya.

I-Cholesterol biosynthesis ngumjikelezo wokuphendula ngokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo oqinisekisa ukwakheka kotshwala be-organic bemvelo ye-steroid.

Konke ukusabela kokuhlanganiswa kwenziwa nge-reticulum ebushelelezi ye-endoplasmic. Le nqubo ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sokwakhiwa okwengeziwe kwezinye izinto ezisebenza ngokuphila zesimo se-steroidal.

Izigaba zokuqala ze-biosynthesis zivamile ngokuphendula kokunye kwamanye ama-isoprenoids.

Konke ukuhlangana kokuhlanganiswa kwalesi sakhi kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziyinhloko eziningana:

• Ukuthola i-mevalonate enamakhabhoni amahlanu kusuka kuma-molecule amathathu e-acetate esebenzayo.
• Ukuguqulwa kwe-mevalonate ku-isoprenoid esebenzayo - isopentenylpyophosphate.
• Ukuhlangana kwamangqamuzana ayisithupha e-isopentenyl pyophosphate isoprenoid squalene equkethe ama-athomu angamashumi amathathu ekhabhoni.
• Ukwenziwa kwesakhiwo se-cyclic. Ngalesi sigaba, i-squalene ithola isakhiwo se-cyclic bese iphenduka ibe yi-lanosterol.

Esigabeni sokugcina se-biosynthesis, i-lanosterol iguqulwa ibe yi-cholesterol.

Ebantwini, i-cholesterol yamahhala iyingxenye yamakhompiyutha aqukethe ama-molecule otshwala namaphrotheni e-transporter. Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-lipoproteins.

Izinhlobo eziphambili ze-lipoprotein

Ngenxa yokuthi i-cholesterol cishe ayinamanzi, ithuthelwa kumaseli njengengxenye yezakhi ezithile eziyinkimbinkimbi ngamaprotheni athwala othize alesi sakhi.

Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-lipoproteins.

Ama-lipoproteins ahlukaniswe ama-soluble noma amanzi-ancibilikayo nongasenalutho, okuyizinto ezihlelekile.

Ama-lipoprotein angabonakali ayingxenye yezakhi zamaseli ne-myelin sheath ye-nerve fibers.

Ama-lipoprotein amahhala ayingxenye ye-plasma yegazi, yiqembu leli elihlanganisayo eliqinisekisa ukuthuthwa kwe-cholesterol.

Lonke uhla lwe-lipoproteins luhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningi ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwama-lipids ekwakhekeni kwawo. Ukuphakama kokuqukethwe kwe-lipid, kwehlisa ubungako bendawo eyinkimbinkimbi

Emuntwini kunezinhlobonhlobo ezimbalwa zalezi zakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Okusemqoka phakathi kwalezizakhiwo yilezi ezilandelayo:

1. I-High Density Lipoproteins - HDL. Isakhiwo esinobukhulu sisuka ku-8 siye ku-11 nm. Lolu hlobo lwenkimbinkimbi luhlinzekela ukuthuthwa kwe-cholesterol kusuka kumaseli we-peripheral to cell cell.
2. Ama-lipoproteins aphansi kakhulu - i-LDL, inosayizi ongu-18 kuye ku-26 nm. Inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi ihlinzeka ngokuhambisa i-cholesterol, i-triacylglycerides kanye nama-phospholipids kusuka kumaseli wesibindi kuya kumangqamuzana ezicubu zomzimba.
3. I-lipoproteins ephakathi nendawo - i-LPP, inosayizi abangama-25 kuye kwangama-36 nm nokuhambisa utshwala be-lipophilic nama-phospholipids kusuka kumaseli wesibindi kuya kumaseli wezicubu onqenqemeni.
4. Ama-lipoprotein aphansi kakhulu - ama-VLDLPs, anobukhulu obungu-30 kuye ku-80 nm, ahambisa i-cholesterol ne-tracylglycerides esuka esibindini ayise kwezicubu ezithambile.
5. Ama-Chylomicrons angabathwali abakhulu kunabo bonke, osayizi bawo asukela ku-75 kuye ku-1200 nm. Lezi zingxube ziqinisekisa ukulethwa kwe-cholesterol kanye namafutha acid kusuka ekudleni okuvela emathunjini kuya kuzicubu ezibangelwa amaseli kanye namaseli wesibindi.

Ukuba khona kwesibopho esingahlanganisi phakathi kwamaprotheni nama-lipids ekwakhiweni kwama-complex kubalulekile. Ukuba khona kwesibopho esinjalo kunikeza i-lipid metabolism yamahhala kanye noshintsho ezimweni zama-lipoprotein.

Ukujwayelekile nokuphambuka kokuqukethwe kwe-cholesterol

Ukuze ube khona okujwayelekile, izinga lotshwala be-lipophilic ku-plasma yegazi kufanele lishintshe kuhla oluthile.

Nge-cholesterol ephelele, okuhlushwa okujwayelekile egazini kufanele kusuke ku-3.0 kuye ku-6.0 mmol / L.

Inkomba efanelekile ingaphansi kuka-5.2 mmol / l, uma ngabe inkomba isukela ku-5.2 kuye ku-6.2 mmol / l, khona-ke kubhekwa njengokuvunyelwe okuphezulu, kahle, inkomba engenhla kuka-6.2 mmol / l iphezulu.

Ngokuqukethwe kwe-LDL ku-plasma, ukugcotshwa okulandelayo kuyamukelwa:

• ngaphansi kwe-1.8 mmol / l - elilungile kubantu abanengozi enkulu yokuba nesifo senhliziyo;
• ngaphansi kuka-2.6 mmol / l - inani elifanele abantu abaphawuleka ngokwenzeka kwesifo senhliziyo;
• 2.6-3.3 mmol / l - inani elifanele;
• 3.4-4.1 mmol / l - inkomba ephezulu evunyelwe;
• I-4.1-4.9 mmol / L - kubhekwa njengenani eliphakeme;
• inani elingaphezulu kuka-4.9 mmol / L - izinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-LDL ku-plasma.

Izinga le-HDL emadodeni nakwabesifazane liyehluka kancane:

Isinkomba esibi sokuqukethwe kwe-HDL ku-plasma yile:

1. Kwabesilisa - ngaphansi kuka-1 mmol / l.
2. Kwabesifazane, ngaphansi kwe-1,3 mol / L.

Lokhu okulandelayo kubhekwa njengamagugu ajwayelekile kwezokwelapha:

• kwabesilisa - 1,0-1.3 mmol / l;
• kwabesifazane - 1,3-1,5 mmol / l.

I-1.6 mmol / L kwabesifazane nabesilisa babhekwa njengezinkomba ezinhle kakhulu ze-HDL ku-plasma.

Izinga le-lipids lincike ebulilini, eminyakeni nakwisimo.

Izici ezilandelayo zithonya okuqukethwe kwe-lipid kwabesifazane:

1. Isikhathi sonyaka. Ngokuya esikhathini sonyaka, ipharamitha emzimbeni wesifazane iyakwazi ukuphambuka ngakolunye uhlangothi noma ngesilinganiso se-2-4% yesilinganiso. Izinga lokukhula liyabonakala ngesikhathi sokubanda. Ukuphambuka okunjalo kuyisimo esijwayelekile.
2. Isikhathi somjikelezo wokuya esikhathini. Engxenyeni yokuqala yomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini, ukuphambuka kungasukela kokujwayelekile kuya ku-10%. Ukuphambuka okunjalo kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile.
3. Isikhathi sokuzala ingane. Ebukhoneni bokukhulelwa, ukwanda kwamazinga we-lipid kungakhuphuka ngo-12-15% wokuqukethwe okujwayelekile.
4. Ukuba khona kwama-tumor abuhlungu kunganciphisa kakhulu ukugcwala kotshwala be-lipophilic, obuhambisana nokuzala kakhulu kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza nokusetshenziswa kwe-cholesterol ekwakhiweni kwezitho zamangqamuzana.

Lapho umuntu wesifazane efinyelela eminyakeni engama-40 kuya kwengama-40 kanye nokuqothuka kokusebenza kwengane emzimbeni womuntu wesifazane, kuye kwehle inani le-HDL kanye nokwanda kwe-LDL.

Isimo esifanayo sibonwa emadodeni, lapho kukhona ukwanda kwenani le-LDL kanye nokwehla kwe-HDL.

Umehluko ukuthi emzimbeni wesilisa, ukukhuphuka kwenani le-cholesterol kubhekwa kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-50. Futhi ngemuva kokufinyelela le minyaka, inkomba iqala ukuncipha.

Izimbangela zokuphambuka

Ukuphambuka emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kungaba ngezinhlobo ezimbili - ukwehla kwenani le-cholesterol ku-plasma yegazi nokukhuphuka kwayo. Ukuhlisela phansi kuqoshwa kaningi. Kuqhathaniswa nokwanda.

I-Hyperlipidemia yenzeka ngobuningi bokuhlukunyezwa okutholakele.

Ukwehla kwamazinga we-lipoprotein kungabonakala kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

• ukulambela komuntu kanye nokufakwa emzimbeni kokulimala ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwezinkinga ekusebenzeni kwendlela yokugaya ukudla;
• ukuthola umuntu ukushiswa okukhulu, kanye nokwenza kusebenze kwezinqubo zokulungisa izicubu;
• ukwephulwa komsebenzi osebenzayo we-gland yegilo - i-hypothyroidism;
• ukuthuthukiswa kwe-thalassemia, i-megaloblastic anemia kanye ne-myeloma;
• ukuqhubeka kwe-sepsis nezifo ezinzima ezithathelwanayo;
• ukuba khona kokugxilwa kwe-oncological noma ukukhula kwe-cirrhosis yesibindi esibulalayo;
• ukuba khona kwesifo sofuba nezifo ezinzima zohlelo lokuphefumula.

Kwezinye izimo, kukhona ukwehla kwamazinga we-lipid ngenxa yokuthatha i-estrogen njenge-ejenti yokwelapha.

Ukwanda kwamazinga we-lipid kwenzeka emacaleni alandelayo:

1. Ngokuphakanyiswa kokudla okugcwele emafutheni ezilwane nama-carbohydrate.
2. Lapho kwenzeka i-anorexia nervosa.
3. Ngesikhathi sokuzala ingane.
4. Uma kwenzeka uhlukunyezwa ngumuntu wemikhuba emibi njengokubhema, ukuphuza utshwala.
5. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside noma njalo ezimweni ezicindezelayo.
6. Endabeni yokuthuthukiswa kokuphazamiseka kwe-pathological ekusetshenzisweni kokuphendula kwe-metabolic.

Ukwanda kwe-cholesterol kuholela ekukhuleni kwenani elikhulu lokuphazamiseka kanye ne-pathologies okuholela ezinkingeni zempilo yomuntu, ngisho nokufa.

Izimpawu zezinga elikhuphukile le-lipids emzimbeni

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-hypercholisterinemia akubonakali ngokomtholampilo.

Ukungabikho kwezimpawu ezithile zesici sokuthuthukiswa kwe-hypercholesterolemia kwenza kakhulu ukuxilongwa kwe-pathology.

Isiguli siqala ukukhononda ngokubonakala kwezimpawu ezithile lapho okuqukethwe kwe-lipid kusezingeni eliphakeme, ngaphezulu kwezinga elide, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwama-pathologies ahlukahlukene kumuntu ohambisana nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-lipid metabolism.

Izimpawu eziphambili ze-cholesterol ephezulu ye-plasma yilezi ezilandelayo:

• isiguli sinobuhlungu endaweni yesifuba, ukuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo noma ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo kungenzeka, okubangelwa ukulimala kwemithambo yegazi yesistimu yokujikeleza kwegazi, okunikezela ngokudla okunempilo kanye nomoya-mpilo kwezicubu zemisipha yenhliziyo;
• phambi kwenani elikhulu kakhulu le-lipids emadodeni, ukungakwazi ukusebenza kahle nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile kungaqala ukukhula ngenxa yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali e-cholesterol emithanjeni ekhipha izitho zangasese;
• ukuthuthukiswa kwe-atherosulinosis kanye nesifo sokuqaqamba kwamabele - ukuphazamiseka kanye ne-pathologies ebulalayo empilweni yomuntu;
• uma kwenzeka kulimala ngenxa yokuqalwa kwe-hypercholesterolemia yezindonga zemithambo yethambo yesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuqothula izifo zemikhawulo engezansi kanye ne-venous thrombosis ngokuqhubeka kwe-thrombophlebitis kungaqhubeka;
• isibonakaliso esingaqondile sokuba khona kwenani eliphakeme lama-lipid kungabhekwa njengokubonakala kobuhlungu emaphethelweni aphansi, ukuwohloka okubonakalayo emisebenzini yememori kanye nokuvela kwemizwa engemnandi nebuhlungu esifundeni senhliziyo.

Ngaphezu kwezimpawu ezikhonjisiwe, i-hypercholisterinemia ibonakala ngokuba khona kwezimpawu zangaphandle.

Enye yalezi zibonakaliso ukubukeka kwesiguli esine-lipoid corneal arch. Lesi sibonakaliso sibonisa i-hypercholisterinemia yomndeni, esivame ukuboniswa ezigulini ezineminyaka engaba ngu-50.

Okunye ukubonakaliswa kwesimo se-pathology of lipid metabolism ukwakheka kwe-xanthelasemas. Lezi zindlela zibukeka njengezindandatho ezincane zombala ophuzi onsomi. Indawo okuzakwenziwa kuyo lezi zakhiwo yi-epithelium yezinkophe. Kungenzeka futhi ukwakha ama-xanthomas, okuyi-cholesterol namaqhugwane akhiwe ngaphezulu kwama-tendon.

Lezi zibonakaliso zangaphandle zibonisa inkambo enzima ye-pathology.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kwe-hypercholesterolemia

Indlela yokwelashwa kwe-pathology ifaka ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthonya izinqubo ze-biochemical ezenzeka kubantu.

Izindlela ezinjalo ziqinisa umsebenzi womzimba, ziguqula indlela yokuphila yesiguli. Ukuhambisana nokudla okuyisipesheli, kanye nomthelela ezinqubweni ze-biochemical ngokuthatha izidakamizwa ezikhethekile ezisiza ukususa i-lipids okweqile.

Ngemuva kokwenza ukuhlolwa komuntu, udokotela, uma kunesidingo, unquma ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ekhethekile yamaqembu ahlukene wezidakamizwa.

Izinhlobo zemithi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwelapheni i-hypercholesterolemia yilezi:

1. Izimo Vimbela ukwakheka kwama-enzyme ahilelekile ekwenziweni kwe-cholesterol. Leli qembu lezidakamizwa lithandwa kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zidakamizwa kungakhuphula izinga le-cholesterol enenzuzo futhi kunciphise inani lokulimazayo. Izidakamizwa zesimanje ezikuleli qembu ziyakwazi ukwehlisa izinga lama-lipids esigulini esegazini ngamaphesenti angama-60. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-statins aphansi ama-triglycerides. Izindlela ezaziwa kakhulu kuleli qembu yiMevacor, iBaykol neLeskol.
2. Ama-fibric acid - asiza ukwehlisa inani lama-triglycerides futhi asize ukuthuthukisa i-oxidation yamafutha acid kumaseli wesibindi. Leli qembu lemithi lifaka i-Atromed-S, Tricor neLopid.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswa ama-pharmacological agents ahlinzeka ngokubopha i-bile acid futhi kwehlise ukuqina kokuhlanganiswa kwe-cholesterol kumaseli wesibindi. Leli qembu lemithi lifaka uColistin noProthran.

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi yalezi zimali, kufanele ubonane nodokotela bese wenza ukuhlolwa, okubandakanya ukulinganisa izinga lama-lipids ku-plasma yegazi.

Ukusetshenziswa kokudla kokudla kwe-hypercholisterinemia

Inhloso eyinhloko yokusebenzisa ukudla kokudla ukulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga ze-atherosulinotic kanye nokususwa kwe-cholesterol eyeqile. Ukudla okudliwayo akufanele kube ne-cholesterol. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo edliwayo kufanele kube nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwama-carbohydrate.

Ukuze wehlise inani le-cholesterol ekudleni, udinga ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane ecebile ngama-asidi anamafutha. Kuyadingeka futhi ukwandisa isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokudla ezicebile ezinamafutha e-polyunsaturated.

Kuyadingeka ukunciphisa inani likasawoti elichithwa ekudleni.

Imikhiqizo esetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kokudla kufanele ifake inani elikhulu le-fiber.

Imikhiqizo ewusizo uma ulandela indlela yokudla ye-hypolipidemic yile:

• inhlanzi
• inyama enciphile;
• amantongomane
• soya;
• okusanhlamvu kanye ne-bran;
• itiye eliluhlaza, i-antioxidant enamandla nesiphuzo esithuthukisa i-lipid metabolism.

Kunconyelwa ukuthi ugalikhi eluhlaza wengezwe ekudleni. Lo mkhiqizo usiza ukunciphisa igazi futhi uvimbele ukwakheka kwezigaba zegazi, futhi lo mkhiqizo uphinde wehlise inani le-cholesterol ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-alliin ekwakhekeni kwayo.

Ukwelashwa okuhlukile kwe-hypercholisterinemia

Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuphazamiseka kwengqondo kungumngane wokukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ukukhuluphala, ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifo singasizuza njengelifa.

Inhloso eyinhloko yokwelashwa ukunciphisa ama-lipids kuma-plasma egazi futhi ulungise ukuqina kokukhiqizwa kwe-cholesterol.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wesibili wokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ukuhlanza uhlelo lokujikeleza kwama-cholesterol plaque nokusungula ukuhamba kwegazi okujwayelekile.

Lapho kukhona okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-lipids, kunconywa ukuphuza iziphuzo ezenziwe ngamajikijolo omlotha wentaba. Iziphuzo zokusetshenziswa kufanele zilungiselelwe kusetshenziswa ama-sweeteners. Inani lesiphuzo elisetshenziswa ngosuku akufanele libe ebangeni hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-300 amagremu.

Ungalungisa njengendlela decoction ngokususelwa ezimpandeni ze-licorice naked. Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa amagremu ayi-10 eziluhlaza okotshani. Indwangu eluhlaza ithululelwa ngamanzi abilayo futhi ifudumele kubhavu wamanzi ngaphansi kwesivalo esivaliwe imizuzu engama-40.

Umkhiqizo olungiselelwe uyahlungwa bese ukhanywa ikhekhe. Kunconywa ukuthatha i-decoction ye-15 ml ngosuku izikhathi ezi-5. Inkambo yokwelashwa iyizinsuku eziyi-10. Ekupheleni kwesifundo, kwenziwa ikhefu futhi uma kunesidingo liphindwa.

Ungathatha u-oyili onamafutha amagremu angama-20 ukwelashwa ekuseni ngesisu esingenalutho. Isikhathi sokwelashwa siyizinsuku ezingama-40 zokuphumula kwezinsuku ezingama-20. Ukwelashwa ngamafutha ahlanganisiwe yinde. Kepha leli thuluzi lisebenza kakhulu futhi lenza izinqubo ngobumnene.

Ukulungisa umzimba usebenzise i-cholesterol metabolism, ungasebenzisa izimpande zomhlaba ezinde ze-turmeric. Ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-6 amagremu womkhiqizo kufanele kudliwe nsuku zonke.

Ukwelashwa kwe-hypercholesterolemia ngezindlela ezihlukile kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngemuva kokubonisana nodokotela nokuhlolwa okubandakanya ukukala izinga le-lipids esekhipheni yegazi nokukala imingcele yephrofayili ye-lipid.

Lapho wenza ukwelashwa, kunconywa ukwenza izivivinyo okungenani kanye ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Uma kunesidingo, ngemuva kokuhlolwa, udokotela angaphakamisa inqubo ye-hemodialysis.

Konke mayelana ne-cholesterol kuchazwe kuvidiyo kule ndatshana.