Isifo sikashukela yisifo se-endocrinological esibangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwamanyikwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, emzimbeni wesiguli kunokunqanyulwa okuphelele noma okuyingxenye kokukhiqizwa kwe-hormone insulin, okuyisici esibalulekile ekufakweni kweglucose.
Ukwephulwa okunjalo kwe-carbohydrate metabolism kuholela ekwandeni okukhulu koshukela wegazi, okuthinta kabi zonke izinhlelo nezitho zangaphakathi zomuntu, kuvuse ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga ezinzima.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-endocrinology iphatha ukuvikelwa kwe-insulin engasebenzi kahle, isifo sikashukela yisifo esidala ukulimaza umzimba wonke womuntu. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yesifo sikashukela ihlanganiswa ngokujwayelekile emvelweni futhi ingaholela ekuhlaselweni yisifo senhliziyo, ukushaywa unhlangothi, isifo sofuba, ukulahleka kombono, ukunqunywa kwezingalo nokuqina kocansi.
Ukwazi imininingwane eminingi efanele ngalesi sifo, kufanele utadishe ngokucophelela ukuthi i-endocrinology ibheka kanjani ushukela nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zanamuhla zokubhekana naso ezisinikezayo. Le mininingwane ingaba nentshisekelo enkulu hhayi kubantu abanesifo sikashukela kuphela, kodwa futhi nasezihlotsheni zabo ezifuna ukusiza izihlobo zabo ukubhekana nalesi sifo esiyingozi.
Izici
Ngokusho kwe-endocrinologists, phakathi kwezifo ezibangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic, isifo sikashukela sesibili esivame kakhulu, okwesibili kuphela ukukhuluphala kule nkomba. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva, okwamanje umuntu oyedwa kwabayishumi eMhlabeni uphethwe yisifo sikashukela.
Kodwa-ke, iziguli eziningi zingahle zingasoli nokuxilongwa isifo esibi, ngoba i-mellitus yesifo sikashukela ivame ukuvela ngendlela esezingeni eliphakeme. Indlela engafakwanga yesifo sikashukela iyingozi enkulu kubantu, ngoba ayikuvumeli ukutholakala kwalesi sifo ngalesi sikhathi futhi kwesinye isikhathi sitholakala kuphela uma isiguli sinezinkinga ezinkulu.
Ubucayi besifo sikashukela i-mellitus futhi sikhona eqinisweni lokuthi kunomthelela ekuphazamisekeni okujwayelekile kwe-metabolic, kunomthelela omubi kuma-carbohydrate, amaprotheni kanye namafutha metabolism. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-insulin ekhiqizwa ama-β-cell of pancreas ayibandakanyi kuphela ukufakwa kweglucose, kodwa futhi emafutheni nakumaprotheni.
Kepha ukulimala okukhulu emzimbeni womuntu kubangelwa ukugcwala okukhulu kwe-glucose egazini, okucekela phansi izindonga zama-capillaries kanye ne-nerve fibers, futhi kuthuthukise ukuthuthuka kwezinqubo ezinzima zokuvuvukala ezithweni eziningi zangaphakathi zomuntu.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ngokusho kwe-endocrinology yesimanje, isifo sikashukela singaba yiqiniso futhi sesibili. Isifo sikashukela sesibili (uphawu) siyakhula njengezinkinga zezinye izifo ezingamahlalakhona, ezifana ne-pancreatitis kanye ne-pancreatic tumor, kanye nomonakalo odabeni lwe-adrenal gland, gland ne-gland yegland.
Isifo sikashukela seqiniso sihlala sikhula njengesifo esizimele futhi imvamisa ngokwayo ibanga ukuvela kwezifo ezihambelanayo. Lolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela lungatholakala kubantu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, bobabili ebuntwaneni nasegugile.
Isifo sikashukela sangempela sifaka izinhlobo eziningana zezifo ezinezimpawu ezifanayo, kodwa zivela ezigulini ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Ezinye zazo zivame kakhulu, kanti, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zitholakala kakhulu esikhathini esidlule.
Izinhlobo zesifo sikashukela:
- Thayipha isifo sikashukela sokuqala
- Thayipha isifo sikashukela sesi-2
- Isifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa;
- Isifo sikashukela seSteroid;
- Isifo sikashukela se-Congenital
Isifo sikashukela sohlobo lokuqala yisifo esivame ukutholakala ezigulini ebusheni nasebusheni. Lolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela aluvamile ukuthinta abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-30. Ngakho-ke, ibizwa ngokuthi isifo sikashukela sentsha. Isifo sikashukela sohlobo loku-1 sisendaweni yesi-2 ngokuya ngokwanda, cishe ama-8% azo zonke izimo zesifo sikashukela singenxa yesifo esincike ku-insulin.
Isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 saziwa ngokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwe-insulin secretion, ngakho-ke igama layo lesibili isifo sikashukela esithembele ku-insulin. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isiguli esinale ndlela yesifo sikashukela sizodinga ukujova i-insulin nsuku zonke impilo yaso yonke.
Isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 yisifo esivame ukwenzeka kubantu abavuthiwe nabadala, sitholakala kakhulu kubantu abaphansi kweminyaka engama-40. Isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 siyindlela ejwayelekile yalesi sifo, sithinta ngaphezu kwe-90% yazo zonke iziguli ezitholakala zinesifo sikashukela.
Ngohlobo 2 sikashukela, isiguli sithuthukisa ukungazweli kwe-insulin, kuyilapho izinga laleli hormone emzimbeni lihlala lijwayelekile noma liphakamile. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela yesifo sikashukela ibizwa ngokuthi i-insulin-Independent.
I-mestitus yesifo sikashukela se-Gestational yisifo esenzeka kubantu besifazane kuphela esesimweni ezinyangeni eziyi-6-7 zokukhulelwa. Lolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela luvame ukutholakala kumama abakhulelwe abakhuluphele ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane abakhulelwa ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30 basengozini yokuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa.
Isifo sikashukela sokuthomba sikhula ngenxa yokuzwela kokuphazamiseka kwamangqamuzana angaphakathi ukuya ku-insulin ngama-hormone akhiqizwa yi-placenta. Ngemuva kokubeletha, owesifazane uvame ukwelashwa ngokuphelele, kepha ezimweni ezingavamile, lesi sifo siba yisifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.
Isifo sikashukela seSteroid yisifo esikhula kubantu abathatha i-glucocorticosteroids isikhathi eside. Le mithi inegalelo ekwandeni okukhulu koshukela wegazi, okuhamba isikhathi kuholele ekwakhekeni kwesifo sikashukela.
Iqembu eliyingozi lokuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela se-steroid lifaka iziguli ezine-asthma ye-bronchial, isifo samathambo, i-arthrosis, ukungahambi kahle komzimba, ukungalingani kwe-adrenal, inyumoniya, isifo sikaCrohn nabanye. Ngemuva kokuyeka ukuthatha i-glucocorticosteroids, isifo sikashukela siphela ngokuphelele.
Isifo sikashukela se-Congenital - sibonisa ingane kusukela ngosuku lokuzalwa lokuqala. Imvamisa, izingane ezinendlela yokuzalwa kwalesi sifo zizalwa omama abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo lokuqala nohlobo 2. Futhi, imbangela yesifo sikashukela sokuzalwa kungaba yigciwane elihanjiswa ngumama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezinamandla.
Imbangela yesifo sikashukela sokuzalwa futhi ingaba ukuthuthukiswa kwepancreatic, kufaka phakathi ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Isifo sikashukela se-Congenital aselapheki futhi sibonisa ukungabi nalutho kokuqashwa kwe-insulin ngokuphelele.
Ukwelashwa kwayo kuqukethe imijovo yansulin yansuku zonke kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila.
Izizathu
Isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 sivame ukutholakala kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-30. Kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukuthi kuqoshwe amacala ngalesi sifo ezigulini ezineminyaka engaba ngu-40. Isifo sikashukela sezingane, esivame ukwenzeka ezinganeni eziphakathi kweminyaka emi-5 neli-14 ubudala, sikufanelwe kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile.
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwakheka kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 ukwephulwa kwamasosha omzimba, lapho amaseli ebulala ahlasela izicubu zamanyikwe, abhubhisa ama-β-cell akhiqiza i-insulin. Lokhu kuholela ekunqanyelweni okuphelele kokuqashelwa kwe-insulin ye-hormone emzimbeni.
Imvamisa ukungasebenzi kahle okunjalo emasosheni omzimba kuba njengengxenye yokutheleleka ngegciwane. Ingozi yokuthola isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 yanda kakhulu ngezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezifana ne-rubella, inkukhu, ummbila, isimungumungwane ne-hepatitis B.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezithile ezinamandla, kanye nobuthi bezinambuzane ne-nitrate, kungathinta ukwakheka kwesifo sikashukela. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukufa kwenombolo encane yamaseli athola i-insulin akunakubangela ukukhula kwesifo sikashukela. Ngokuqala kwezimpawu zalesi sifo kubantu, okungenani ama-80% ama-β-cell kumele afe.
Ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo loku-1, ezinye izifo ze-autoimmune zivame ukubonwa, okungukuthi i-thyrotooticosis noma zidlulise ubuthi obunobuthi. Le nhlanganisela yezifo ithinta kabi inhlala-kahle yesiguli, yandisa nesifo sikashukela.
Uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2 luvame kakhulu ukuthinta abantu abavuthiwe nabadala asebeke bawela umhlangano weminyaka engama-40. Kepha namuhla, ama-endocrinologists aqaphela ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwalesi sifo ngokushesha lapho kutholakala kubantu abaye bagubha usuku lwabo lokuzalwa olungama-30.
Imbangela enkulu yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 sikhuluphele, ngakho-ke abantu abakhuluphe ngokweqile iqembu elisengozini yalesi sifo. Izicubu ze-Adipose, ezimboza wonke amalungu angaphakathi nezicubu zesiguli, zakha isithiyo ku-insulin ye-hormone, enomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana ne-insulin.
Esikhathini sikashukela sefomu lesibili, izinga le-insulin livame ukuhlala lisezingeni lesikhathi esejwayelekile noma lidlule kakhulu kulo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokungaqini kwamangqamuzana kule hormone, ama-carbohydrate awadonswa ngumzimba wesiguli, okuholela ekwandeni okusheshayo koshukela wegazi.
Izimbangela zesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2:
- Isizungu. Abantu abanabazali noma ezinye izihlobo eziseduzane ezihlaselwe yisifo sikashukela maningi amathuba okuthola lesi sifo;
- Isisindo esiningi. Kubantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile, izicubu zabo zeseli zivame ukulahlekelwa umuzwa we-insulin, ophazamisa ukumuncwa okujwayelekile kweglucose. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kubantu abanohlobo lwesisu okuthiwa yi-tumbo, lapho kufakwa khona amafutha ikakhulu esiswini;
- Ukudla okungenampilo. Ukudla inani elikhulu elinamafutha, i-carbohydrate nokudla okunama-khalori aphezulu kususa izinsiza kusebenza zamanyikwe futhi kukhulisa nengozi yokuthola ukumelana ne-insulin;
- Izifo zesistimu yenhliziyo. Isifo senhliziyo, isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme siba nomthelela ekunciphiseni izicubu ku-insulin;
- Izingcindezi ezivame ukwenziwa. Ezimweni ezicindezelayo, inani elikhulu lama-corticosteroid mahormone (i-adrenaline, i-norepinephrine ne-cortisol) akhiqizwa emzimbeni womuntu, akhuphula amazinga eglucose wegazi futhi, ngokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo okuvamile, angavusa ushukela;
- Ukuthatha izidakamizwa ze-hormonal (glucocorticosteroids). Banomphumela omubi kuma-pancreas futhi bandisa ushukela wegazi.
Ngokukhiqizwa kwe-insulin okunganele noma ukulahleka kokuzwela kwezicubu kuleli hormone, ushukela uyeka ukungena emaseli futhi uqhubeke ujikeleze egazini. Lokhu kuphoqa umzimba womuntu ukuthi ubheke ezinye izindlela zokucubungula i-glucose, okuholela ekuqokeleleni kwe-glycosaminoglycans, sorbitol ne-glycated hemoglobin kuyo.
Lokhu kubeka ingozi enkulu esigulini, ngoba kungadala ubunzima obukhulu, njengekati (ukumnyama kwelensi yeso), i-microangiopathy (ukucekelwa phansi kwezindonga zama-capillaries), i-neuropathy (ukulimala kwemicu yezinzwa) nezifo ezihlangene.
Ukuze unxephezele ukusilela kwamandla okubangelwa ukuthathwa kweglucose engasebenzi kahle, umzimba uqala ukucubungula amaprotheni aqukethe izicubu zemisipha namafutha angaphansi.
Lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwesisindo kwesiguli ngokushesha, futhi kungadala ubuthakathaka obukhulu ngisho ne-misuli dystrophy.
Izimpawu
Ubungako bezimpawu kusifo sikashukela kuya ngohlobo lwesifo kanye nobudala besiguli. Ngakho-ke thayipha isifo sikashukela esingu-1 sikhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kungaholela ezinkingeni eziyingozi, njengokudonsa kanzima kwe-hyperglycemia kanye nesifo sikashukela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.
Thayipha isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, kunalokho, sikhula kancane futhi kungenzeka singabonakali isikhathi eside. Imvamisa, lolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela lutholwa ngengozi lapho luhlola izitho zombono, luhlola igazi noma lomchamo.
Kepha ngaphandle kokuhluka kobukhulu bokuthuthuka phakathi kohlobo 1 nohlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela, banezimpawu ezifanayo futhi babonakaliswa yilezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:
- Ukomela okukhulu nokuzwa okuhlala njalo komile emgodini womlomo. Isiguli sikashukela singaphuza amalitha ayi-8 uketshezi nsuku zonke;
- I-Polyuria Isifo sikashukela sinezinkinga zokuchama kaningi, kufaka phakathi ukungahambi kahle komchamo ebusuku. I-Polyuria kwisifo sikashukela kwenzeka ngamaphesenti ayi-100;
- I-Polyphagy. Isiguli sihlala sizwa umuzwa wokulamba, sizwa isifiso esikhethekile sokudla okumnandi kanye ne-carbohydrate;
- Isikhumba esomile nolwelwesi lwe-mucous, olungadala ukulunywa kanzima (ikakhulukazi okhalweni nasegreyini) kanye nokuvela kwesikhumba;
- Ukukhathala, ubuthakathaka obungapheli;
- Isimo sezulu esibi, ukukhuphuka kokukhathazeka, ukuqwasha;
- Ukuqina kwemilenze, ikakhulukazi izicubu zamathole;
- Umbono wehlisiwe.
Kuhlobo 1 sikashukela i-mellitus, isiguli sibuswa yizimpawu ezinjengokoma okunzima, ukuvama ukuwohloka komoya, umuzwa ongapheli we-nausea nokuhlanza, ukulahlekelwa amandla, ukulamba okuphikelelayo, ukunciphisa umzimba ngisho nokudla kahle, ukudangala kanye nokukhubazeka okwandayo.
Izingane zivame ukuba nama-enuresis asebusuku, ikakhulukazi uma ingane ingayi endlini yangasese ngaphambi kokulala. Iziguli ezinalolu hlobo sikashukela zithambekele kakhulu ekuxhakazeni ushukela wegazi nokuthuthukiswa kwe-hypo- ne-hyperglycemia - izimo ezisongela impilo futhi zidinga ukunakekelwa ngokushesha kwezokwelapha.
Ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, lesi sifo sivame ukubonakaliswa ukulunywa kanzima kwesikhumba, ukuncipha kokubukeka okubonakalayo, ukoma okungapheli, ubuthakathaka kanye nokubola, ukubukeka kwezifo zokukhunta, ukuphulukiswa okunganakekelwa kwamanxeba, umuzwa wokuqina, imilenze eqabulayo, noma imilenze ethandekayo.
Ukwelashwa
Uhlobo 1 no-2 sikashukela kusesifo esingalapheki. Kodwa ngokubambelela ngokuqinile kuzo zonke izincomo zikadokotela nokunxeshezelwa ngempumelelo kwesifo sikashukela, isiguli singakwazi ukuhola impilo ephelele, sizibandakanye kunoma yimuphi mkhakha womsebenzi, senze umndeni futhi sibe nezingane.
Iseluleko se-Endocrinologist kwiziguli ezinesifo sikashukela:
Ungapheli amandla lapho ufunda ngokuxilongwa kwakho. Akufanele ukhathazeke kakhulu ngalesi sifo, ngoba lokhu kungashuba isimo sesiguli kuphela. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yesigidi sezigidi kule planethi nabo banesifo sikashukela, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye bafunde ukuhlala nalesi sifo.
Khipha ngokuphelele ama-carbohydrate avela kalula ekudleni kwakho. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi isifo sikashukela siyakhula ngenxa yokwephulwa kwe-carbohydrate metabolism. Ngakho-ke, zonke iziguli ezinalolo hlobo lokuxilonga kufanele zikuyeke ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwama-carbohydrate alula, njengoshukela nanoma yisiphi iswidi, uju, amazambane wanoma yiluphi uhlobo, ama-hamburger nokunye ukudla okusheshayo, izithelo ezimnandi, isinkwa esimhlophe, izimpahla ezibhakiwe ibhotela, i-semolina, ilayisi emhlophe. Le mikhiqizo ingandisa ushukela wegazi ngokushesha.
Thela ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi. Imikhiqizo enjalo, ngaphandle kokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-carbohydrate, ayalikhulisi ushukela wegazi, ngoba imunca isikhathi eside kakhulu kunama-carbohydrate alula. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-oatmeal, ummbila, ilayisi ansundu, i-durum kakolweni pasta, okusanhlamvu okuphelele nesinkwa se-bran, namantongomane ahlukahlukene.
Kukhona kaningi, kodwa kancane kancane. Umsoco we-Fractional ulusizo ikakhulukazi kwisifo sikashukela, ngoba kukuvumela ukuvimbela ukwanda okubukhali noma ukuncipha koshukela wegazi. Ngakho-ke, ama-diabetes ayanconywa ukuthi adle okungenani izikhathi ezi-5 ngosuku.
Njalo qaphela amazinga kashukela egazi. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ekuseni ngemuva kokuvuka nakusihlwa ngaphambi kokulala, nangemva kokudla okuyisisekelo.
Unganquma kanjani ushukela wegazi ekhaya? Kulokhu, isiguli kufanele sithenge i-glucometer, okulula ukuyisebenzisa ekhaya. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi kubantu abadala abanempilo, ushukela wegazi awukhuphuki ngaphezu kwezinga le-7.8 mmol / L, okufanele ube ngumhlahlandlela wesifo sikashukela.
