Yisiphi isitho esikhiqiza i-insulin? Inqubo nomphumela emzimbeni

Ngosizo lwe-insulin, omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni wethu uyenziwa - ngokulawula. Lokhu kuthola i-glucose ngokweqile kwe-100 mg / dts.

Ushukela awuthathelwa hlangothi futhi uguqulwa ube ngama-molecule we-glycogen, okuthi, ngemuva kwazo zonke izinqubo zokuguqulwa, athunyelwe kumisipha, isibindi namafutha izicubu. Futhi ikhiqizwa kuphi le nto ebalulekile yabantu? Yini inqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwe-insulin?

Kukhiqizwa nini i-insulin

I-insulin ikhiqizwa kwesinye sezitho zohlelo lwe-endocrine - ama-pancreas. Kubhekwa njengeyesibili ngobukhulu emzimbeni (eyokuqala ukugaya, etholakala esiswini esiswini ngemuva kwesisu). Lo mzimba uqukethe izingxenye ezintathu:

• Ikhanda;
• Umzimba;
• Umsila.

Ikhanda le-pancreas licinene kancane, libekwe ngakwesokunene senkaba futhi imbozwe ngumzimba we-duodenum. Isidumbu, esibizwa nangokuthi ingxenye eyinhloko, sinomumo weprism-like. Umzimba wendlala kancane udlulela egumbini lomsila.

Umphumela we-exocrine ukukhululwa kwe-proteinase, amylase ne-lipase ngokusebenzisa ama-ducts amaningi ngqo kwi-pancreatic cavity. Ingxenye exocrine ithatha ingxenye enkulu yamanyikwe.

Ingxenye lapho i-insulin ikhishwa khona ama-akhawunti cishe angaba ngu-5% wendawo. Ngabe ukwenzeka kwenzeka kuliphi ingxenye? Lokhu okuthakazelisa kakhulu: amaqoqo amaseli ahlakazekile azungeze ububanzi besitho. Ngokwesayensi, zibizwa ngokuthi iziqhingi noma izikebhe zeLangerhans. Batholakala ngososayensi waseJalimane ngekhulu le-19, inkolelo-mbono yokukhiqizwa kwe-insulin ngalezi zinto zokugcoba iqinisekiswe ngusosayensi wase-USSR Leonid Sobolev.

Kunezigidigidi zeziqhingi ezinjalo zepancreatic, zonke zihlakazekile ngensimbi. Isisindo sawo wonke amaqoqo anjalo angama-gramu ayi-2 kuphela. Ngayinye yayo iqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaseli: A, B, D, PP. Uhlobo ngalunye lakhiqiza izinto ezingama-hormone ezilawula inqubo yezinqubo ze-metabolic zazo zonke izakhi ezingena emzimbeni.

Amaseli we-pancreatic B

Kukubo lapho i-insulin ihlanganiswe khona. Iningi lonjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, izazi zesayensi yokufunda izinto eziphilayo kanye nama-biochemists baphikisana ngomsuka we-biosynthesis yalesi zinto. Kodwa akekho owomphakathi wesayensi owaziyo kuze kube sekupheleni ukuthi ama-B-cell akhiqiza kanjani i-insulin. Uma ososayensi beqonda konke okucashile kanye nendlela yokukhiqiza uqobo, abantu bazokwazi ukuthonya lezi zinqubo futhi banqobe izifo ezinjengokungamelana ne-insulin kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesifo sikashukela.

Kulezi zinhlobo zamaseli, kukhiqizwa izinhlobo ezimbili zamahomoni. Owokuqala ungowasendulo, ukubaluleka kwawo kuphela komzimba ukuthi ngaphansi kwesenzo sawo into enjenge-proinsulin ikhiqizwa.

Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ungumbanduleli we-insulin eseyivele ijwayelekile.

I-hormone yesibili yaphenduka izinguquko ezahlukahlukene ezahlukahlukene futhi iyi-analogue ethuthuke kakhulu yohlobo lokuqala lwe-hormone, lena yi-insulin. Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi kukhiqizwe ngokuya ngohlelo olulandelayo:

1. Into ye-insulin yenziwa kumaseli we-B ngenxa yokuguqulwa ngemuva kokuguqulwa. Ukusuka lapho, kungena izakhi zeGolgi tata. Kulesi sakhi somzimba, i-insulin ingathathelwa izinyathelo zokwelashwa ezingeziwe.
2. Njengoba kwaziwa, ukuhlanganiswa nokuqongelela kwezinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene kwenzeka kwizakhiwo zeGolgi tata. I-C-peptide inamathele lapho ngaphansi kwethonya lezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-enzyme.
3. Ngemuva kwazo zonke lezi zigaba, kwakhiwa i-insulin enamandla.
4. Okulandelayo ukufakwa kwehomoni yamaprotheni kumagremu akhethekile okugcinwa kwemfihlo. Kuzo, into iyanqwabelana futhi igcinwe.
5. Lapho ukuhlushwa ushukela kukhuphuka ngaphezu kwamazinga amukelekile, i-insulin iqala ukukhishwa bese isebenza.

Ukulawulwa kokukhiqizwa kwe-insulin kuncike ohlelweni lwe-glucose-sensor of B-cell, kunikeza ukulingana phakathi kokuxinaniswa kwe-glucose egazini kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-insulin. Uma umuntu edla ukudla okune-carbohydrate eningi, kufanele kukhishwe i-insulin eningi, okumele isebenze ngejubane elikhulu. Kancane kancane, amandla okuhlanganisa i-insulin kuma-ispanc picreatic buthaka. Ngakho-ke, lapho umkhiqizo we-pancreas uncipha ngokufana, izinga loshukela wegazi nalo liyanda. Kunengqondo ukuthi abantu abadala kuneminyaka engama-40 badalulwa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-insulin.

Umthelela ezinqubweni ze-metabolic

Kunganjani ukungathathi hlangothi kwamangqamuzana kashukela ane-insulin? Le nqubo yenziwa ngezigaba eziningana:

• Ukugqugquzela kokuthuthwa kweshukela ngama-membranes - amaphrotheyini enkampani ayasebenza, abamba ushukela omningi futhi awuthumele;
• Ama-carbohydrate amaningi angena esitokisini;
• Ukuguqulwa kweshukela kube ngama-molecule we-glycogen;
• Ukudluliselwa kwalezi zinhlayiya kwamanye izicubu.

Ebantwini nasezilwaneni zezilwane, ama-molecule we-glycogen anjalo ayisisekelo samandla. Ngokuvamile, emzimbeni ophile kahle, i-glycogen idliwa kuphela ngemuva kokuba eminye imithombo yamandla etholakalayo isiphelile.

Kulezo ziqhingi ezifanayo ze-pancreatic, kukhiqizwa i-insulin antagonist ephelele, i-glucagon. Ngaphansi kwethonya lazo, ama-molecule we-glycogen aphulwe phansi, aguqulwa aba ushukela. Ngaphezu kwemiphumela enjalo, i-insulin inemiphumela ye-anabolic ne-anti-catabolic emzimbeni.

Uma umuntu enza izinqubo ze-metabolic, enye yehlisa ijubane lezifundo zabo. Ngakho-ke, i-homeostasis emzimbeni iyagcinwa.

Iziphi izifo ezingadala ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin?

Amaseli e-B anomthelela wokunxephezela futhi cishe ahlala ekhiqiza i-insulin eningi kunalokho okudingwa ngumzimba. Kepha ngisho le mali eyeqile idonswa ngumzimba uma umuntu edla amaswidi nokudla okune-sitashi. Kukhona ezinye izifo ezihambisana nokungalingani kwe-insulin. Isigaba sokuqala se-pathologies sifaka izifo ngenxa yokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwento:

• I-Insulinoma. Leli yigama lesibhedlela esine-Bign. Isimila esinjalo sihambisana nezimpawu ezifanayo nezimo ze-hypoglycemic.
• Ukushaqeka kwe-insulin. Leli yigama lenkimbinkimbi yezimpawu ezibonakala ne-insulin ephezulu kakhulu. Ngendlela, ukushaqeka kwangaphambilini kwe-insulin kwakusetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwengqondo ukulwa ne-schizophrenia.
• I-Somoji syndrome iyi-insulin overdose engapheli.

Isigaba sesibili sifaka leyo dysfunctions ebangelwa ukuntuleka kwe-insulin noma ukuminza. Okokuqala, uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sokuqala. Lesi yisifo se-endocrine esihambisana nokufakwa emzimbeni ushukela. Ama-pancreas afaka i-insulin enganele. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokuvinjwa kwe-carbohydrate metabolism, isimo jikelele sesiguli siba sibi. Le pathology iyingozi ngoba yandisa ingozi yezifo zohlelo lwethambo nenhliziyo.

Futhi, umuntu angaba nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Lesi sifo sihluke kancane ekucacisweni kwaso. Ezigabeni zokuqala zalesi sifo, amanyikwe akhipha i-insulin ngokwanele. Kulesi simo, umzimba ngasizathu simbe uvimbela ukumelana ne-insulin, okungukuthi, awunakunaka esenzweni saleli hormone. Lapho lesi sifo sithuthuka, ukwakheka kwe-insulin emgundwini kuqala ukucindezelwa futhi ngenxa yalokho kuba nokunganele.

Ungawabuyisela kanjani ngokwamazinga ama-hormone amazinga

Odokotela abakwazi ukubuyisela ngokomzimba umsebenzi wama-isanc pancreatic.

Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa insulin yezilwane nokwenziwa. Ukwelashwa kwe-insulin kubhekwa njengeyona ndlela main yokubuyisa ibhalansi yento kushukela, kwesinye isikhathi kuhambisana nokwelashwa kwe-hormone. Ukunciphisa ukuhlangana kwalesi sidakamizwa sebenzisa ukudla okukhethekile kwe-carb.

Isiphetho

I-insulin iyinkimbinkimbi yamaprotheni elawula izinqubo eziningi zomzimba emzimbeni.

Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukugcina inani elifanele likashukela egazini. Kukhiqizwa engxenyeni enjalo yamanyikwe njengama-isanc pancreatic. Ukuhlonza kule nto kungaholela eminingana yama-pathologies.