Umuntu oqaphela impilo kufanele azi ukuthi kungani i-cholesterol idingeka. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-atherosclerosis ihlotshaniswa naleli gama, elibonakaliswa inqubo yokunciphisa izikhala zezindonga ze-vascular kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali e-cholesterol, i-cholesterol ihlala iyinto ebalulekile yomzimba.
Le khompiyutha iqinisekisa ukuqina kolwelwesi lwamaseli, isebenze ukukhiqizwa kwamavithamini namahormon, ithuthukisa uhlelo lwezinzwa, isuse ubuthi, ivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimila ezibanga eliphansi. Ungathola ngemininingwane eminingi ukuthi umzimba udinga i-cholesterol kulokhu kwaziswa.
Kuyini i-cholesterol?
I-cholesterol (evela ku-"cholester" yesiGreek - i-bile, "stereos" - eqinile) iyinhlangano esetshenziselwa imvelo evela emzimbeni wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu, ngaphezu kwamakhowe, okungekhona okwenyukiliya nezitshalo.
Lokhu ngotshwala be-polycyclic lipophilic (okunamafutha) obungenakunqotshwa emanzini. Ingaphulwa kuphela emafutheni noma i-organ solvent. Ifomula yamakhemikhali yento imi kanjena: C27H46O. Iphoyinti lokuncibilika le-cholesterol lisuka ku-148 liye kuma-150 degrees Celsius, bese libila - ama-degrees angama-360.
Cishe i-20% ye-cholesterol ingena emzimbeni womuntu kanye nokudla, bese kuthi ama-80% asele akhiqizwe ngumzimba, okungukuthi izinso, isibindi, amathumbu, i-adrenal gland kanye nama-gonads.
Imithombo ye-cholesterol ephezulu ingukudla okulandelayo:
- ubuchopho - isilinganiso se-1,500 mg sezinto nge-100 g;
- izinso - 600 mg / 100 g;
- izikhupha zamaqanda - 450 mg / 100 g;
- i-fish roe - 300 mg / 100 g;
- ibhotela - 2015 mg / 100 g;
- i-crayfish - 200 mg / 100 g;
- i-shrimp kanye ne-crab - 150 mg / 100g;
- i-carp - 185 mg / 100g;
- amanoni (inyama yenkomo nengulube) - 110 mg / 100 g;
- ingulube - 100 mg / 100g.
Umlando wokutholwa kwalesi sakhi uhlehlela emuva ngekhulu le-XVIII, lapho uP. De la Salle ngonyaka ka-1769 ekhipha khona insimbi etholakala emallini enempahla yamafutha. Ngaleso sikhathi, usosayensi wayengakwazi ukucacisa ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinto.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-20, usokhemisi waseFrance u-A. Fourcroix wakhipha i-cholesterol emsulwa. Igama lesimanje lale nto linikezwe usosayensi uM. Chevreul ngonyaka we-1815.
Kamuva ngo-1859, uM. Berthelot wakhomba indawo ethile ekilasini lama-alcohols, yingakho ibizwa ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-cholesterol.
Kungani umzimba udinga i-cholesterol?
I-cholesterol iyinto edingekayo ekusebenzeni okuvamile cishe kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukuqinisa ulwelwesi lwe-plasma. I-complication iyingxenye yolwelwesi lweseli futhi iyinika ukuqina.
Lokhu kungenxa yokwanda kokuxineka kwengqimba yamangqamuzana phospholipid.
Okulandelayo amaqiniso athakazelayo aveza iqiniso, kungani sidinga i-cholesterol emzimbeni womuntu:
- Kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kohlelo lwezinzwa. I-cholesterol iyingxenye ye-nerve fiber sheath, eklanyelwe ukuvikela ngokumelene nokugqugquzelwa kwangaphandle. Inani lezinto elijwayelekile livumelanisa ukuhamba kwezinzwa. Uma ngasizathu simbe umzimba ungasebenzi ku-cholesterol, ukungasebenzi kahle ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi kuyabonwa.
- Ikhiqiza umphumela we-antioxidant futhi isuse izinto ezinobuthi emzimbeni. I-cholesterol ivikela amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, amaseli abomvu egazi, ekuvezweni ubuthi obuhlukahlukene. Ingabizwa nangokuthi yi-antioxidant, ngoba Kwandisa ukumelana komzimba kwamagciwane nokutheleleka.
- Ihlanganyela ekukhiqizweni kwamavithamini ancibilikayo nama-hormone. Indima ekhethekile inikezwa ekukhiqizeni i-Vitamin D, kanye nama-hormone e-sex and steroid - cortisol, testosterone, estrogen ne-aldosterone. I-cholesterol iyabandakanyeka ekwenziweni kwe-Vitamin K, ebhekele ukuqina kwegazi.
- Inika izinto zokuhamba zezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo. Lo msebenzi ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lweseli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubamba iqhaza kwe-cholesterol ekuvinjelweni kokwakhiwa kwezimbila ezinomdlavuza sekusunguliwe.
Ezingeni elijwayelekile lama-lipoproteins, inqubo yokuwohloka kwe-benign neoplasms ibe yingozi imisiwe.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-HDL ne-LDL?
I-cholesterol ayincibiliki egazini; ihanjiswa ngokuhamba kwegazi ngezinto ezikhethekile - i-lipoprotein. Ama-lipoproteins aphezulu (i-HD-density lipoproteins (HDL)), abizwa nangokuthi i- "good" cholesterol, ne-low-density lipoproteins (LDL), noma "cholesterol" embi ", kufanele ahlukaniswe.
I-HDL inesibopho sokuhambisa ama-lipid emikhunjini, ukwakheka kweseli nemisipha yenhliziyo, lapho kubhekwa khona ukwakheka kwe-bile. Lapho ese "lapho uya" khona, i-cholesterol iyabhidlika bese ikhishwa emzimbeni. Ama-lipoprotein aphezulu wamaseli abhekwa njenge "amahle" ngoba akuzona i-atherogenic (aziholeli ekwakhiweni kwama-atherosulinotic plaque).
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-LDL ukudlulisa ama-lipids kusuka esibindini kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba zangaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwenombolo ye-LDL kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-atherosulinotic. Njengoba ama-lipoproteins asezingeni eliphansi angancibilikisi egazini, ukugcwala kwawo kuholela ekwakhekeni kokukhula kwe-cholesterol kanye namathafa odongeni lwangaphakathi lwemithambo yegazi.
Kuyadingeka futhi ukukhumbula ubukhona be-triglycerides, noma ama-lipids angathathi hlangothi. Zisuselwa kumafutha acid kanye ne-glycerin. Lapho ama-triglycerides ehlanganiswa ne-cholesterol, kufakwa amafutha egazi - imithombo yamandla yomzimba womuntu.
Imvelo ye-cholesterol egazini
Ukuhunyushwa kwemiphumela yokuhlola kuvame ukuqukethe inkomba efana ne-mmol / L. Ukuhlolwa kwe-cholesterol okwaziwa kakhulu yiphrofayili ye-lipid. Uchwepheshe uchaza lolu cwaningo ngesifo sikashukela esisolwa, isifo senhliziyo, ukuqina kwezinhlungu kanye / noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwesibindi, lapho kukhona umfutho wegazi ophakeme.
Izinga elilungile le-cholesterol egazini alikho ngaphezu kuka-5.2 mmol / L. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga eliphezulu elivumelekile lisukela ku-5.2 liye ku-6.2 mmol / L. Uma imiphumela yokuhlaziywa ingaphezulu kwe-6.2 mmol / l, lokhu kungakhombisa izifo ezibucayi.
Ukuze ungahlanekezeli imiphumela yocwaningo, kuyadingeka ukulandela imithetho yokulungiselela ukuhlaziya. Kuyenqatshelwa ukudla amahora angama-9 kuya kwe-12 ngaphambi kokusampula kwegazi, ngakho-ke kwenziwa ekuseni. Itiye nekhofi kuzodingeka futhi kushiywe okwesikhashana; amanzi kuphela avumelekile ukuphuza. Isiguli esisebenzisa umuthi kufanele sazise udokotela ngalokhu ngaphandle kokuhluleka.
Izinga le-cholesterol libalwa ngesisekelo sezinkomba eziningana - i-LDL, HDL ne-triglycerides. Izinkomba ezijwayelekile ngokuya ngobulili nobudala zivezwe kulethebula elingezansi.
| Iminyaka | Ubulili besifazane | Ubulili besilisa | ||||
| I-cholesterol ephelele | I-LDL | I-HDL | I-cholesterol ephelele | I-LDL | I-HDL | |
| <5 iminyaka | 2.90-5.18 | - | - | 2.95-5.25 | - | - |
| Iminyaka engama-5- 10 | 2.26 - 5.30 | 1.76 - 3.63 | 0.93 - 1.89 | 3.13 - 5.25 | 1.63 - 3.34 | 0.98 - 1.94 |
| Iminyaka eyi-10-15 | 3.21-5.20 | 1.76 - 3.52 | 0.96 - 1.81 | 3.08-5.23 | 1.66 - 3.34 | 0.96 - 1.91 |
| Iminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20 | 3.08 - 5.18 | 1.53 - 3.55 | 0.91 - 1.91 | 2.91 - 5.10 | 1.61 - 3.37 | 0.78 - 1.63 |
| Iminyaka engama-20-25 | 3.16 - 5.59 | 1.48 - 4.12 | 0.85 - 2.04 | 3.16 - 5.59 | 1.71 - 3.81 | 0.78 - 1.63 |
| Iminyaka engama-25-30 ubudala | 3.32 - 5.75 | 1.84 - 4.25 | 0.96 - 2.15 | 3.44 - 6.32 | 1.81 - 4.27 | 0.80 - 1.63 |
| Iminyaka engama-30- 35 ubudala | 3.37 - 5.96 | 1.81 - 4.04 | 0.93 - 1.99 | 3.57 - 6.58 | 2.02 - 4.79 | 0.72 - 1.63 |
| Iminyaka engama-35- 40 | 3.63 - 6.27 | 1.94 - 4.45 | 0.88 - 2.12 | 3.63 - 6.99 | 1.94 - 4.45 | 0.88 - 2.12 |
| Iminyaka engama-40-45 | 3.81 - 6.53 | 1.92 - 4.51 | 0.88 - 2.28 | 3.91 - 6.94 | 2.25 - 4.82 | 0.70 - 1.73 |
| Iminyaka engama-45-50 ubudala | 3.94 - 6.86 | 2.05 - 4.82 | 0.88 - 2.25 | 4.09 - 7.15 | 2.51 - 5.23 | 0.78 - 1.66 |
| Iminyaka engama-50-55 | 4.20 - 7.38 | 2.28 - 5.21 | 0.96 - 2.38 | 4.09 - 7.17 | 2.31 - 5.10 | 0.72 - 1.63 |
| Iminyaka engama-55-60 ubudala | 4.45 - 7.77 | 2.31 - 5.44 | 0.96 - 2.35 | 4.04 - 7.15 | 2.28 - 5.26 | 0.72 - 1.84 |
| Iminyaka engama-60-65 ubudala | 4.45 - 7.69 | 2.59 - 5.80 | 0.98 - 2.38 | 4.12 - 7.15 | 2.15 - 5.44 | 0.78 - 1.91 |
| Iminyaka engama-65-70 ubudala | 4.43 - 7.85 | 2.38 - 5.72 | 0.91 - 2.48 | 4.09 - 7.10 | 2.49 - 5.34 | 0.78 - 1.94 |
| > Iminyaka engama-70 | 4.48 - 7.25 | 2.49 - 5.34 | 0.85 - 2.38 | 3.73 - 6.86 | 2.49 - 5.34 | 0.85 - 1.94 |
Izici ezikhulisa i-cholesterol
Ukuqina okwandisiwe kwe-cholesterol "embi" kungumphumela wokuphila okungalungile noma izifo ezithile.
Umphumela oyingozi kakhulu wokulimala kwe-lipid metabolism ukuthuthukiswa kwe-atherosulinosis. I-Pathology ibonakala ngokunciphisa i-lumen of the artery ngenxa yokuqongelela kwama-cholesterol plaque.
Izimpawu zokuqala zesifo zivele kuphela lapho ukuvalwa kwemithambo kungaphezulu kwama-50%. Ukungasebenzi noma ukwelashwa okungasebenzi kuholela ekuweni yisifo senhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kanye ne-thrombosis.
Wonke umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi lezi zinto ezilandelayo zandisa ukugcwala kwe-LDL egazini, noma i-cholesterol "embi". Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- ukungasebenzi ngokomzimba, i.e. ukuntuleka kokuzivocavoca umzimba;
- imikhuba emibi - ukubhema kanye / noma ukuphuza utshwala;
- ukukhulupha ngokweqile, ukudla ngokweqile kanye nokukhuluphala;
- ukudla kwenani elikhulu lamafutha we-trans, ama-carbohydrate agaya kalula;
- ukuntuleka kwamavithamini, ama-pectins, i-fiber, izinto ezilandelwayo, ama-acid amaningi we-polyunsaturated nama-lipotropic emzimbeni;
- ukuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene kwe-endocrine - ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwe-insulin noma, okuphambene nalokho, i-mellitus yesifo sikashukela (i-insulin-encike futhi engathembeli kwe-insulin), ukuntuleka kwama-hormone we-thyroid, ama-hormone ocansi, ukucaseka ngokweqile kwama-hormone e-adrenal;
- ukudodobala kwe-bile esibindini okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezithile, ukusebenzisa kabi utshwala nezifo ezithile ezibangelwa amagciwane;
- ifa, eliveza "dyslipoproteinemia";
- ezinye ze-pathologies zezinso nezinso, okukhona kuzo ukwephulwa kwe-biosynthesis ye-HDL.
Umbuzo uhlala uthi kungani i-microflora yamathumbu ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekusimamiseni amazinga e-cholesterol. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-microflora yamathumbu ibamba iqhaza kwi-cholesterol metabolism, eguqula noma ihlukanise izakhi zemvelaphi ye-endo native and exo native.
Ngakho-ke, kungabhekwa njengesinye sezitho ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisekela i-cholesterol homeostasis.
Ukuvimbela izifo zenhliziyo
Indlela yokuphila enempilo ihlala iyincomo eyinhloko ekwelapheni nasekuvimbeleni izifo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuze ulondoloze i-cholesterol ejwayelekile, kufanele ulandele ukudla, ulwe nokuzivocavoca ngokomzimba, ulungise isisindo somzimba wakho uma kunesidingo, uyeke imikhuba emibi.
Ukudla okunempilo kufanele kube nemifino engaphezulu eluhlaza, amakhambi nezithelo. Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile kunikezwa emikhawulweni, ngoba aqukethe ama-pectin acishe abe ngu-20% anciphisa cholesterol yegazi. Futhi, i-lipid metabolism ijwayelekile yinyama nenyama yokudla, imikhiqizo evela kufulawa we-wholemeal, uwoyela wemifino, ukudla kwasolwandle kanye netiye eliluhlaza. Ukwemukelwa kwamaqanda enkukhu kufanele kwehliswe kube yizicucu ezi-3-4 ngesonto. Ukusetshenziswa kokudla okungenhla okuqukethe i-cholesterol ephezulu, kufanele unciphise kakhulu.
Ukuze ulondoloze i-tonus, udinga ukwenza izivivinyo zasekuseni noma ukwenze umthetho wokuhamba emoyeni omusha. I-Hypodynamia ingenye yezinkinga zobuntu bekhulu le-XXI, okufanele ilwe. Ukuzivocavoca kuqinisa imisipha, kuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki, kuvimbela izifo eziningi nokuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungadlala ibhola lezinyawo, i-volleyball, run, i-yoga, njll.
Ukubhema kuyinto okufanele ilahlwe okokuqala ukuze kuvikeleke ukwenzeka kwe-atherosulinosis nezinye izifo zentliziyo.
Indaba ephikisayo ukudakwa kotshwala obuthile. Vele, lolu hlu alufaki ubhiya noma i-vodka. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi ingilazi yewayini elibomvu elomile ngesikhathi sasemini kunomthelela omuhle emzimbeni womuntu. Ukuphuza iwayini ngokulinganiselayo kwehlisa amathuba okuba nesifo senhliziyo.
Ukwazi manje ukuthi kungani i-cholesterol idingeka emzimbeni womuntu, kubalulekile ukugcina ukunakekelwa kwayo okuphelele. Le mithetho engenhla yokuvikela izosiza ukugwema ukwehluleka ku-lipid metabolism kanye nezinkinga ezilandelayo.
Mayelana nemisebenzi ye-cholesterol echazwe kuvidiyo kulesi sihloko.
