Ekwelapheni isifo sikashukela, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-insulin. Kukhona inani elikhulu lezidakamizwa elihlukile ezimweni zazo ze-insulin, ngakho-ke le mishanguzo ayishintshi njalo.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-insulin lunesikhathi salo sokwenza nomsebenzi. Udokotela unquma i-insulin ayithandayo nezinhlobo zayo esimweni ngasinye, ngokuya ngobunzima besifo sikashukela nezifo ezihlobene naso.
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe kabusha uhlobo lokujova lwe-insulin, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwe-insulin nokuthi unamthelela muni emzimbeni wesiguli.
Ukwelashwa kwe-insulin
Ama-pancreas ahlala ngokujwayelekile amayunithi angama-35-50 we-insulin imini nobusuku, lokhu kungamayunithi angama-0.6-1.2 ngekhilogremu ngayinye yesisindo somzimba. Iyunithi eli-1 le-insulin lilingana nama-microgs angama-36 (mcg) noma angu-0,036 mg.
I-basal insulin secretion inikeza i-glycemia kanye ne-metabolism phakathi kokudla naphakathi kokulala. Kufika kuma-50% womkhiqizo we-insulin nsuku zonke obalwa yi-basal insulin.
Ukudla okweqile kokudla kwe-insulin ukukhuphuka koshukela wegazi ngemuva kokudla, okuqinisekisa ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-hyperglycemia "ngemuva kokudla" kanye nokufakwa kwe-carbohydrate. Inani le-insulin yokudla cishe ilingana nenani lama-carbohydrate asetshenzisiwe.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesikhathi sosuku. Isidingo sale hormone siphezulu ekuseni, kusukela cishe ngo-4 ekuseni, bese siyancipha kancane kancane.
Ngesikhathi sokudla kwasekuseni, kukhiqizwa amayunithi we-insulin angama-1.5-2,5 we-10 g we-carbohydrate.
Amayunithi we-1,0-1.2 no-1.1-1.3 afihlwe inani elilinganayo lama-carbohydrate imini nobusuku.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-insulin
Ekuqaleni, i-insulin yemvelaphi yezilwane yayisetshenziswa. Eminyakeni edlule, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola le hormone ngamakhemikhali ngezinga eliphakeme lokuhlanzwa. Ngo-1983, i-insulin yokufakelwa yayisetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha, futhi i-insulin yezilwane yavinjwa.
Umgomo wokwenza lo muthi ukubeka izinto zofuzo kumaseli ezinhlobo ezingezona ze-pathogenic ze-Escherichia coli noma imvubelo. Ngemuva kokuvezwa okunjalo, amagciwane ngokwawo akhiqiza i-hormone.
Ama-insulin anamuhla ahluka ngokuya ngokuvezwa kanye nokulandelana kwama-amino acid. Ngokuya ngezinga lokuhlanzwa, yile:
- ngokwesiko
- monopic,
- into eyodwa.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokudla noma i-insulin efushane:
- I-insulin emfushane: Biogulin R, Actrapid NM, Monodar, Humodar R, Actrapid MS, Monosuinsulin MK,
- I-Ultrashort insulin: Insulin Glulisin (Apidra), Insulin Lizpro (Humalog).
Izidakamizwa ezisebenza isikhathi eside noma izidakamizwa ze-basal zingama-insulin asebenza isikhathi eside naphakathi nendawo. Phakathi kwezinto ezejwayelekile:
- insulin isophane,
- i-insulin zinc nabanye.
Kukhona izidakamizwa ezibandakanya ama-insulin asheshayo nezidakamizwa ezisebenza isikhathi eside - ama-insulin axubekile. Zisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwe-insulin yohlobo 2 sikashukela mellitus.
Ama-insulin axubekile nawo afakiwe ekwelapheni uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwendabuko.
I-Ultrashort insulin
Kwezinye izimo, i-ultrashort insulin yohlobo lobunjiniyela oluqala ukusebenza ngokushesha nje lapho lwethulwa emzimbeni womuntu, lokhu kuyadingeka nge-encephalopathy. Isenzo siyanda, imvamisa ngemuva kwehora nesigamu bese sithatha amahora amane.
I-Ultrashort insulin ilawulwa kuphela ngemuva kokudla noma ngaphambi kokudla. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa:
- Insulin apidra,
- I-Rapid entsha
- Insulin Humalog.
Imiphumela yalolu hlobo lwe-insulin iyaziwa kubantu abaningi abanesifo sikashukela. Imiphumela emibi ngemuva kokuphathwa ingabonakala ngokushesha noma ingaveli nhlobo. Lapho zenzeka, kubalulekile ukubonana nodokotela ngokushesha.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-insulin ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswa kangcono, udokotela unquma esimweni ngasinye.
Umphumela wazo uncike esimweni sesiguli, isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kanye nezinto ezikhona.
I-insulin emfushane
I-insulin emfushane noma elula iqala isenzo sayo ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-20-30. Ikhula amahora angama-2-3 ngemuva kokuphathwa umuthi, futhi ubude besikhathi sokusebenza amahora angama-5-6.
I-insulin esebenza ngokubambisana ifakwa ngaphambi kokudla, udinga ukubekezelela ikhefu phakathi kokujova nokudla ukudla ngemizuzu eyi-10-15.
Kuyadingeka ukuthi isikhathi sokudla sihambisane nesikhathi esilinganiselwayo sethonsi. Okuguquliwe, okuguqulwe ngofuzo, ama-insulin amafushane anemiphumela emincane emincane yile:
- I-Insulan Actrapid,
- Humulin Rhoqo ”nabanye.
Embuzweni wokuthi kungani lokhu kusetshenziswa le noma i-insulin, udokotela ofanele kufanele aphendule.
Umthamo we-insulin unqunywa ngokusekelwe ezimweni eziqondene nomuntu onesifo sikashukela.
I-Medium Insulin
Lapho ufunda izinhlobo ze-insulin, izinto ezinesikhathi sesikhathi sokusebenza kufanele zikhonjiswe. Lezi yi-insulin, umphumela wazo ohlala amahora angu-12-16.
I-insulin ephakathi nendawo ayidingeki ngaphezu kwemijovo engu-1-2 ngosuku. Imvamisa kakhulu, imijovo yenziwa ngokunqunyelwa kwamahora angama-8 ukuya kwele-12, ayasiza ngemuva kwamahora ama-2-3. Lo mphumela wesidakamizwa ubangelwa umphumela omkhulu emzimbeni womuntu. I-insulin ephakathi nendawo ayiyona nje kuphela uhlobo lobunjiniyela, kodwa futhi icubungulwa ngofuzo.
Umphumela omkhulu uzwakala ngemuva kwamahora angama-6-8. Ama-insulin aphakathi nendawo abandakanya:
- I-Protafan
- I-Insulan Humulin NPH,
- Humodar br nabanye.
Yikuphi kuzo osebenza kangcono futhi kungani, udokotela unquma, ngokuya ngomlando wezokwelapha. Imiphumela emibi ayivamile futhi ngemuva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
Mayelana nokuhlukaniswa okuhlukile
I-insulin ingavezwa ngokuya ngokuhlukaniswa okuhlukile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwenziwa ngemvelaphi yento.
Into ebizwa ngokuthi izinkomo itholakala kuma-pancreas ezinkomo. Umuthi wehluke kakhulu ku-analogue yomuntu, ukusabela komzimba njalo kwenzeka kuwo. Le mishanguzo ifaka:
- I-Ultralente.
- Insulrap GPP.
Kuvame ukutholakala ngesimo samaphilisi e-insulin.
Ingxenye yengulube ingaba isenzo esijwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwento luhlukile kwe-insulin yabantu eqenjini elilodwa kuphela lama-amino acid, elingadala nemiphumela yokungezwani komzimba.
Enye i-analogue yento kuyinto ngofuzo nobunjiniyela. Izakhi zikhishwa ngezindlela ezilandelayo:
- isakhi somuntu sakhiwa kusetshenziswa i-Escherichia coli,
- ukuguqulwa kwezingulube esikhundleni se-amino acid.
Kungani lokhu noma le ndlela ingcono kungatholakala kuphela ngemuva kwezinqubo eziningana.
Izinto ezifana ne-insulin yabantu zibandakanya:
- I-Insulin Novorapid,
- I-Actrapid
- ULantus nabanye.
Iqembu lokugcina liqukethe izifaniso zanamuhla ze-insulin, ezibandakanya uhlobo lwayo lobunjiniyela, oluthathwe ngofuzo nezinto zomuntu. I-insulin ehlanganisiwe ibhekwa njengefanele kakhulu sikashukela, ngoba ukubonakaliswa komzimba kanye nemiphumela emibi kuncishisiwe. Lokhu kutholakala ngoba ayikho iprotheni.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kunikeza ithuba lokwakha umbono wokuthi hlobo luni lwezinto oluzosebenza esimweni ngasinye.
I-Hormone antagonist insulin
Umphikisi ngamunye wengxenye ye-insulin uhlinzeka ngamazinga kashukela egazini. Bangathatha isikhathi eside.
Ama-analogues we-anti-hormonal wento enjalo, ngokwesibonelo, iSinamlbumin, adaliwe.
I-Glucagon idinga ukuqashelwa njengomphikisi we-insulin. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- adrenaline
- i-cortisol
- corticosteroid
- somatotrapin,
- ama-hormone ocansi
- ama-tizroedny mahormone.
Iqembu liqukethe i-insulin engasebenzi, ithuluzi elisha likashukela.
Izincomo
Kuzo zonke izidakamizwa ezitholakalayo, kufanele ukhethe lezo ezidala ukungezwani komzimba kanye nemiphumela emibi. Izimali ezinjalo zilungele inani eliphezulu labantu abanesifo sikashukela.
Ama-insulin ezilwane awathandwa kangako njengoba enamaprotheni angaphandle. Kubalulekile ukutadisha amalebula ngokucophelela kumalebula womkhiqizo. I-MS iyisakhi esisodwa, ihlanjululwa kakhulu nge-insulin. I-NM iyi-analogue ye-insulin yabantu.
Izinombolo "100" noma "50" zikhombisa ukuthi mangaki amayunithi e-insulin ku-1 ml. Uma kungaphezulu kwekhulu - lokhu kuyi-insulin ephezulu kakhulu yokuhlushwa. Ukuze uyisebenzise, udinga ipeni lesirinji okwenziwa ngalo imijovo ye-insulin.
Indlela ye-classical yokujova i-insulin inezici ezahlukahlukene ezingezinhle, kusuka isidingo sokuqala ukwelashwa kwe-insulin, iphetha ngokwakhiwa kokwesaba imijovo. Ososayensi bahlala beakhela izindlela ongangena ngazo i-insulin elula noma yisiphi esinye isikhathi sokusebenza.
I-insulin yomlomo yintuthuko ethembisayo, intengo yayo ephezulu kakhulu. Le ndlela ingcono ngoba asikho isidingo sokuthatha imijovo kanye ngosuku noma ngaphezulu.
I-insulin yomlomo, umuntu ayithola ngokudla, ibangela inqubo kashukela ingene egazini. Lapho ukuhlushwa ushukela kukhuphuka, ama-pancreas aqala ukusebenza futhi akhiqize i-insulin. Kanye nemikhiqizo yokugaya, i-insulin ifinyelela esibindini. Lesi sitho sisebenza njengomlawuli osabalalisa i-insulin ngamanani afanele ezinye izitho.
Uma sicabanga ngezinhlobo ze-insulin nemiphumela yazo, singasho ukudla, ikakhulukazi imifino nezithelo. Iqiniso ukuthi le mikhiqizo ngandlela thile yenza ngokwejwayelekile izinga le-insulin emzimbeni womuntu.
Siza ukwehlisa ushukela:
- izithelo
- Utamatisi
- kiwi
- ihalananda
- ithini lamapheya
- zucchini
- amaqabunga aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
- I-Jerusalema artichoke
- ithini lamapheya
- ukwatapheya.
Amanani we-Insulin akhuphuka:
- izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi,
- ubhontshisi
- ushokoledi
- isinkwa
- amazambane.
I-insulin ephelelwe yisikhathi akufanele isetshenziswe. Gcina imithetho yokugcina isitolo. Ukungena ngokweqile kwe-insulin kungaphazamisa ukuhamba okujwayelekile futhi kuzodala:
- ukujuluka
- ubuthakathaka
- ukuthuthumela
- iminyakazo
- kubani.
I-insulin kufanele igcinwe emazingeni okushisa angama-2-8 degrees endaweni emnyama, kodwa hhayi emakhazeni. Kuleliqondo lokushisa, into igcina izici zayo ze-aseptic nezemvelo.
Ukushisa okuphezulu kwehlisa i-bioactivity yesidakamizwa. Lapho i-insulin inamafu, khona-ke akufanele isetshenziswe. Lezi zigameko, njengomthetho, zibonwa ngaphansi kwesenzo sokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokuzamazama.
Uma umuthi wenziwe iqhwa kanye, awusakwazi ukusetshenziswa. Noma yiziphi izigaxa nezilamba emimisweni kukhombisa ukuthi akunqwenelekile ukuzisebenzisa.
Kungakhathalekile ukuthi into ethile eseqoqweni elilula noma ihlanganiswe ne-insulin, umuthi kumele ugcinwe kuze kuphele amasonto ayisithupha uze ube namafu. Uma lokhu sekwenzekile, into ayisasebenzi.
I-insulin inqunywe ngudokotela noma i-endocrinologist. Uma kunokukhubazeka, khona-ke kukhona izinzuzo ezithile.
Imininingwane yezinhlobo ze-insulin ingatholakala ngokubuka ividiyo ekulesi sihloko.
