Ama-pancreas womuntu, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, ngokuvamile awakwazi ukukhiqiza i-insulin. Ngemuva kwalokho udinga ukusebenzisa i-insulin eyenzelwe izakhi zofuzo, engena esikhundleni se-insulin yabantu.
Uhlobo lomuntu lwe-insulin lutholakala ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-Escherichia coli, noma kwi-insulin ye-porcine ngokufaka esikhundleni se-amino acid eyodwa.
Ukuze ulinganise ukusebenza okuvamile kwamanyikwe abantu, kwenziwa imijovo ye-insulin. Uhlobo lwe-insulin lukhethiwe lususelwa kuhlobo lokugula nenhlala kahle yesiguli. I-insulin ingalawulwa ngokubandakanyeka noma ngemithambo yegazi. Kokwelashwa okuhlala isikhathi eside nokuhlala isikhathi eside, imijovo engaphansi komhlaba isetshenziswa kakhulu.
Izici ze-Insulin
I-mellitus encike kwisifo sikashukela idinga ukwelashwa impilo yonke. Impilo yomuntu incike ekubeni khona kwe-insulin. Lesi sifo sithathwa njengobhubhane olungangeneki futhi lubalwa ngokwesithathu ngokwanda komhlaba.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-insulin yadalwa kusuka kumanyikwe inja. Ngemuva konyaka, umuthi walethwa ukusetshenziswa kabanzi. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-40, kwaba namandla wokuhlanganisa i-hormone ngendlela yamakhemikhali.
Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, kwasungulwa izinhlobo ze-insulin ezinezinga eliphakeme lokuzihlanza. Umsebenzi usaqhubeka futhi nokwakha i-insulin yabantu. Kusukela ngo-1983, le-hormone yaqala ukukhululwa ngezinga lezimboni.
Phambilini, isifo sikashukela sasiphathwa ngezidakamizwa ezenziwe ezilwaneni. Manje izidakamizwa ezinjalo zivinjelwe. Kumakhemisi, ungathenga kuphela ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, ukudalwa kwale mishanguzo kuncike ekufakweni komkhiqizo wohlobo lweseli esitokisini se-microorganism.
Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa imvubelo noma uhlobo lwe-non-pathogenic lwama-bacteri ka-E. coli. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-microorganisms aqala ukukhiqiza i-insulin ye-hormone kubantu.
I-insulin yesidakamizwa yesimanje ihlukile:
- isikhathi sokuvezwa, kukhona ama-insulin amafushane, ama-ultrashort nezinsizakusebenza ezinde,
- ukulandelana kwe-amino acid.
Kukhona nezidakamizwa ezihlanganayo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama -xube. Njengengxenye yezimali ezinjalo kune-insulin esebenza isikhathi eside futhi emfushane.
Ukuthola i-insulin kungakhonjiswa ekuhlonzeni okufana nalokhu:
- I-Ketoacidosis ine-diabetes,
- I-Lactic acid, isifo sikashukela ne-hypersmolar,
- Thayipha isifo sikashukela esingu-1 sikashukela
- Ngezifo, ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa, ukwanda kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona,
- I-nephropathy yesifo sikashukela kanye / noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwesibindi, ukukhulelwa nokubeletha,
- Thayipha i-mellitus yesifo sikashukela engaxuthi ne-insulin engamelana nama-antidiabetic emlonyeni
- Izilonda zesikhumba se-Dystrophic,
- Ukuqiniswa okubanzi kuma-pathologies ahlukahlukene,
- Inqubo ende yokutheleleka.
Isikhathi se-Insulin
Ngokubanga kanye nendlela yokusebenza, i-insulin ihlukaniswa:
- i-ultrashort
- mfushane
- ubude besikhathi esiphakathi
- isenzo eside
I-Ultrashort insulins yenza ngokushesha emva komjovo. Umphumela omkhulu utholakala ngemuva kwehora nesigamu.
Isikhathi sokusebenza sifinyelela emahoreni angama-4. Lolu hlobo lwe-insulin lungabanjiswa ngaphambi kokudla noma ngokushesha ngemuva kokudla. Ukuthola le-insulin akudingi ikhefu phakathi komjovo nokudla.
I-Ultrashort insulin ayidingi ukuthathwa kokudla okwengeziwe ngenani lesinyathelo, elilungele kunezinye izinhlobo. I-insulin enjalo ifaka:
- I-Apidra
- I-Insulin Novorapid,
- Isi-Humalogue.
Ama-insulin amafushane aqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwengxenye yehora. Inani eliphakeme lesenzo liqala ngemuva kwamahora ama-3. Isenzo sithatha cishe amahora angama-5. Lolu hlobo lwe-insulin lukhishwa ngaphambi kokudla, udinga ukulondolozela ikhefu phakathi komjovo nokudla. Ukudla kuvunyelwe ngemuva kwemizuzu eyi-15.
Usebenzisa i-insulin esebenza ngokufushane, udinga ukuthi ube nokudla umthamo amahora ambalwa ngemuva komjovo. Isikhathi sesidlo kufanele sihambisane nesikhathi sokuphakama kwesenzo sehomoni. Insulins ezimfushane yilezi:
- Himulin Njalo,
- I-Actrapid
- IMonodar (K50, K30, K15),
- Insuman Rapid,
- Humodar nabanye.
Ama-insulin wesikhathi esiphakathi izidakamizwa izidakamizwa ezinesikhathi sokusebenza kungamahora ayi-12-16. Ngohlobo 1 sikashukela, i-insulin yabantu isetshenziswa njengemuva noma isisekelo. Kwesinye isikhathi udinga ukwenza imijovo amahlandla ama-2 noma ama-3 ngosuku ekuseni nakusihlwa ngekhefu lamahora ayi-12.
I-insulin enjalo iqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwamahora ama-1-3, ifinyelela inani eliphakeme ngemuva kwamahora angama-4-8. Isikhathi singamahora ayi-12-16. Izidakamizwa zesikhathi esiphakathi zifaka:
- Humodar br
- I-Protafan
- I-Humulin NPH,
- Ama-Novomiks.
- I-Insuman Bazal.
Ama-insulin asebenza isikhathi eside ayimvelaphi noma i-insal insulin. Umuntu angadinga umjovo owodwa noma emibili ngosuku. Zisetshenziswa ekwelapheni isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.
Izidakamizwa zibonakala ngomphumela wokuqina. Umphumela womthamo ubonakaliswa kakhulu ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3. Ama-insulin asebenza isikhathi eside asebenza amahora angama-4-6 ngemuva komjovo. Isenzo sabo esiphakeme senzeka emahoreni ayi-11-14, isenzo uqobo sihlala cishe usuku.
Kulezi zidakamizwa, kukhona ama-insulin angenayo i-peak yesenzo. Izimali ezinjalo zisebenza ngobumnene futhi ingxenye enkulu zilingise umphumela we-hormone yemvelo kumuntu ophilile.
Lokhu kufakwa kufaka phakathi:
- I-Lantus
- I-Monodar Long,
- I-Monodar ultralong,
- I-Ultralente
- I-Ultralong,
- UHumulin L nabanye,
- I-Lantus
- I-Levemir.
Imiphumela emibi kanye nokwephulwa komthamo
Ngokweqile kwealungiselelo we-insulin kubantu, kungavela okulandelayo:
- Ubuthakathaka
- Umjuluko obandayo
- Pallor
- Ukuthuthumela
- Ukushaya kwenhliziyo
- Ubuhlungu bekhanda
- Indlala
- Izikhova.
Zonke lezi zinto ezingenhla zibhekwa njengezimpawu ze-hypoglycemia. Uma isimo sesiqale ukwakheka futhi sisezigabeni zokuqala, ungazisusa ngokuzimele izimpawu. Ngale njongo, thatha imikhiqizo enoshukela kanye nama-carbohydrate amaningi angagaya kalula.
Futhi, isixazululo se-dextrose ne-glucagon singeniswa emzimbeni. Uma isiguli siwohloka, kufanele kuphathwe isixazululo se-dextrose esishintshiwe. Kusetshenziswa kuze kube yilapho isimo sithuthuka.
Ezinye iziguli zingaqala ukwaliwa yi-insulin. Ezinye zezimpawu eziphambili yilezi:
- Ukwehlukaniswa
- Ukuvuvukala,
- I-Urticaria,
- I-Rash
- Umkhuhlane
- Ukulunywa
- Yehlisa umfutho wegazi.
I-Hyperglycemia yenzeka ngenxa yemithamo ephansi noma ngokukhula kwesifo esithathelwanayo, kanye nokungahambelani nokudla. Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu uba ne-lipodystrophy lapho kusetshenziswa umuthi khona.
Uma usebenzisa umuthi kungenzeka futhi okwesikhashana:
- Ukwehluleka,
- Ukomela
- Ukulahlekelwa isifiso sokudla.
Ukuthola esikhundleni se-hormone esikhundleni se-insulin yabantu kuyindlela enhle yokwelapha isifo sikashukela. Umuthi usiza ukwehlisa izinga le-glucose egazini, ngenxa yokuthi i-glucose imunwa kangcono amaseli, inqubo yokuhamba kwayo iyashintsha. Le mishanguzo ithatha indawo ye-insulin yabantu, kepha kufanele ithathwe kuphela njengoba iyalelwa udokotela, ngoba kungaba nemiphumela engemihle yempilo.
Izikhombisi ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa
Abesifazane abanesifo sikashukela kufanele bazise umhlinzeki wabo wezempilo ngokuhlela noma ukuqala ukukhulelwa. Isigaba esinjalo sabesifazane kwesinye isikhathi sidinga i-lactation ukushintsha umthamo we-insulin, kanye nokudla.
Ukuphenya ubuthi bamalungiselelo e-insulin, ososayensi abatholanga umphumela we-mutagenic.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi isidingo se-hormone singancipha uma umuntu ehluleka izinso. Umuntu angadluliselwa kolunye uhlobo lwe-insulin noma kwesinye isidakamizwa esinegama elihlukile lomkhiqizo ngaphansi kokubhekwa kwezokwelashwa okusondele.
Umthamo kumele ulungiswe uma umsebenzi we-insulin, uhlobo lwawo noma ukuzihlanganisa kwezinhlobo kuguquliwe. Isidingo se-insulin singancipha ngezifo ezilandelayo:
- Umsebenzi owanele we-adrenal, gland yegland noma i-pituitary gland,
- Ukwehluleka kwe-Hepatic ne-reso.
Ngokucindezela okungokomzwelo noma izifo ezithile, isidingo se-insulin siyanda. Ukuguqulwa komthamo kuyadingeka futhi nokuzikhandla okwandayo komzimba.
Izimpawu ze-hypoglycemia, uma i-insulin yabantu ilawulwa, ingahle ivezwe noma ihluke kulokho okwakukhona nokuphathwa kwe-insulin yemvelaphi yesilwane.
Ngokujwayezwa ushukela wegazi, ngokwesibonelo, njengomphumela wokwelashwa okunzulu nge-insulin, konke noma ukubonakaliswa okuthile kwe-hypoglycemia kunganyamalala, ngabantu okufanele baziswe ngakho.
Ukuqala kwe-hypoglycemia kungashintsha noma kube mnene ngokuphathwa isikhathi eside kwesifo sikashukela noma ngokusetshenziswa kwe-beta-blockers.
Ukusabela komzimba wendawo kungadalwa yizizathu ezingahlobene nomphumela womuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukufutheka kwesikhumba ngamakhemikhali noma ngomjovo ongafanele.
Kwezinye izimo zokwenziwa kokungaphenduki komzimba okuhlala njalo, ukwelashwa ngokushesha kuyadingeka. Ukudonswa amandla noma ukuguqulwa kwe-insulin nakho kungadingeka.
Nge-hypoglycemia kubantu, ukugxila kokunakwa kanye nesivinini sokuphendula kwe-psychomotor kungancipha. Lokhu kungaba yingozi ezimeni lapho le misebenzi ibalulekile. Isibonelo ukushayela imoto noma izindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Abantu abanesifo sikashukela kufanele belulekwe ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo zokugwema i-hypoglycemia lapho beshayela izimoto.
Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abanezimpawu ezingafundile, okuyi-harbinger ye-hypoglycemia. Kulezi zimo, udokotela ohambelayo kufanele ahlole isidingo sokushayela ngokweqile kwesiguli. Ividiyo ekulesi sihloko izokhuluma ngezinhlobo ze-insulin.
