I-insulin yi-hormone ye-pancreatic edlala indima ebalulekile emzimbeni. Yile nto enomthelela ekutholeni i-glucose eyanele, yona engumthombo wamandla oyinhloko, futhi iphinde yondle izicubu zobuchopho.
Ama-diabetes, aphoqwa ukuthi athathe i-hormone njengomjovo, ngokushesha acabanga ngokuthi i-insulin yenziwe ngani, umuthi owodwa uhluka kanjani kwesinye, nokuthi ama-analogue enzalo ama-hormone okwenziwa ngumthelela muni enhlalakahleni yomuntu kanye nokusebenza okuhle kwezitho nezinhlelo.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-insulin
I-insulin isidakamizwa esibalulekile. Abantu abanesifo sikashukela abakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwaleli khambi. Ububanzi bemithi yezidakamizwa zabanesifo sikashukela bukhulu kakhulu.
Izidakamizwa zihlukile komunye nomunye ezicini eziningi:
- Izinga lokuhlanzwa;
- Umthombo (ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zabantu nezilwane);
- Ukuba khona kwezinto ezisizayo;
- Izinto ezisebenzisekayo
- I-PH yesisombululo;
- Ithuba elingaba khona lokuhlanganisa izidakamizwa eziningana ngasikhathi sinye. Kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi ukuhlanganisa i-insulin emfushane nehlala isikhathi eside kwezinye izinhlobo zonyango.
Emhlabeni unyaka nonyaka, izinkampani ezihola amakhambi ezihola phambili zikhiqiza inani elikhulu kakhulu lamahomoni "okwenziwa". Abakhiqizi be-insulin eRussia nabo baba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwalo mkhakha.
Imithombo yeHormone
Akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi i-insulin yenzelwe ini kwabanesifo sikashukela, futhi imvelaphi yalesi sidakamizwa esibaluleke kakhulu iyathakazelisa ngempela.
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokwenza i-insulin busebenzisa imithombo emibili:
- Izilwane. Umuthi utholakala ekwelapheni izinkanuko zezinkomo (kaningi), kanye nezingulube. I-Bovine insulin iqukethe ama-amino acid angaba kathathu “angaphezulu,” angaphandle kwesakhiwo sawo semvelo nemvelaphi yabantu. Lokhu kungadala ukukhula kwemizwa ephikelelayo yokungezwani komzimba. I-insulin yengulube ihlukanisa i-hormone yomuntu ngomuntu kuphela i-amino acid, eyenza iphephe kakhulu. Kuya ngokuthi i-insulin ikhiqizwa kanjani, ukuthi umkhiqizo we-biological uhlanzwa kahle kangakanani, izinga lokubona umuthi ngumzimba womuntu lizoncika;
- Ukufana komuntu. Imikhiqizo ekulesi sigaba yenziwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu. Izinkampani ezenza imithi ezithuthukisiwe zisungule ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin yabantu ngamagciwane ngenhloso yokwelapha. Amasu wokuguqulwa kwe-Enzymatic asetshenziswa kabanzi ukuthola imikhiqizo ye-horisynthetic yama-hormone. Obunye ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamasu wokuphamba emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukuthola izingoma ezihlukile ze-DNA recombinant nge-insulin.
Uthole kanjani i-insulin: imizamo yokuqala eyenziwe ngosokhemisi
Izidakamizwa ezitholakala emithonjeni yezilwane zithathwa njengemithi ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obudala. Imithi ibhekwa njengekhwalithi emnyama ngokwezinga elingaphelele lokuhlanzwa komkhiqizo wokugcina. Eminyakeni engama-20 yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka eledlule, i-insulin, yaze yabangela ukungezwani komzimba okunzima, yaba "isimangaliso semithi" sokhemikhali esindisa izimpilo zabantu abathembele kwi-insulin.
Izidakamizwa zokukhishwa kokuqala nazo zabekezelelwa kakhulu ngenxa yobukhona be-proinsulin ekwakhiweni. Imijovo yeHormone ibingabekezelelwa kahle yizingane nabadala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungcola (i-proinsulin) kwaqedwa ngokuhlanzwa okuphelele kokuqamba. I-Bovine insulin ishiywe ngokuphelele, ngoba yayicishe ibe nemiphumela emibi njalo.
I-insulin eyenziwe ini: ama-nuances abalulekile
Ezimweni zanamuhla zokwelapha iziguli, zombili lezi zinhlobo ze-insulin ziyasetshenziswa: zesilwane nezomuntu. Ukuthuthuka kwakamuva kusivumela ukuthi sikhiqize imikhiqizo enezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlanzwa.
Phambilini, i-insulin ingaqukatha ukungcola okungathandeki okuningi:
- Proinsulin;
- I-Glucagon;
- Somatostatin;
- Izingxenyana zamaprotheni;
- I-polypeptide compounds.
Phambilini, "izithasiselo" ezinjalo zingadala izinkinga ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ezigulini eziphoqelelwa ukuthatha imithamo emikhulu yomuthi.
Imithi ethuthukisiwe ayinakho ukungcola okungafuneki. Uma sibheka i-insulin yemvelaphi yezilwane, okungcono kakhulu kungumkhiqizo owenziwe nge-monopic, okhiqizwa ngokukhiqizwa "kwesiqu" sento yehomoni.
Isikhathi somthelela wemithi
Ukukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa ze-hormonal kusungulwe ezinkomba eziningana ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokuya ngokuthi i-insulin yenziwa kanjani, isikhathi sesenzo sakho sizoncika.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zezidakamizwa ziyahlukaniswa:
- Ngomphumela we-ultrashort;
- Isenzo esifushane;
- Isenzo eside
- Isikhathi esiphakathi;
- Ukwenza isikhathi eside;
- Uhlobo oluhlanganisiwe.
Ukulungiselela i-Ultrashort
Abamele abamele iqembu: I-Lizpro ne-Aspart. Esimeni sokuqala, i-insulin ikhiqizwa ngendlela yokwakha kabusha izinsalela ze-amino acid kwi-hormone (sikhuluma nge-lysine ne-proline). Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ubungozi be-hexamers buyancishiswa. Ngenxa yokuthi i-insulin enjalo igqekeza ibe ama-monomers ngokushesha, inqubo yokufakwa kwezidakamizwa ayihambisani nezinkinga nemiphumela emibi.
I-Aspart ikhiqizwa ngendlela efanayo. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi i-amino acid proline ithathelwa indawo nge-aspartic acid. Umuthi uphuka ngokushesha emzimbeni womuntu ungene emangqamuzaneni ambalwa alula, uwafaka egazini ngokushesha.
Izidakamizwa zokubamba ezimfishane
Ama-insulin asebenza ngokufushane amelwe yizisombululo ze-buffer. Zenzelwe ngqo umjovo ongaphansi. Kwezinye izimo, indlela ehlukile yokuphatha iyavunyelwa, kepha ngudokotela kuphela ongenza izinqumo ezinjalo.
Umuthi uqala "ukusebenza" ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-15 - 25. Ukuqunjelwa okuphezulu kwento emzimbeni kuqashelwa amahora angama-2 kuye kwayi-2,5 ngemuva komjovo.
Ngokuvamile, umuthi uthinta umzimba wesiguli cishe amahora angama-6. Lolu hlobo lwe-insulin lusetshenziselwa ukwelapha abanesifo sikashukela esimweni sesibhedlela. Bayakuvumela ukuthi ukhiphe umuntu ngokushesha esimweni se-hyperglycemia esibuhlungu, i-diabetes noma i-coma.
I-Insulin Ephakathi nendawo ephakathi
Izidakamizwa zingena kancane kancane egazini. I-insulin itholakala ngokuya ngohlelo olujwayelekile, kepha ezigabeni zokugcina zokukhiqiza, ukwakheka kuyathuthukiswa. Ukwandisa umphumela wabo we-hypoglycemic, izinto ezikhethekile zokunwebeka zihlanganiswa nokwakheka - i-zinc noma i-protamine. Ngokuvamile, i-insulin ivezwa ngendlela yokumiswa.
Ukuthatha insulin isikhathi eside
Ama-insulin asebenza isikhathi eside yimikhiqizo yasekhemikhali esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu kuze kube manje. Umuthi owaziwa kakhulu yiGarlgin. Umenzi akakaze afihle ukuthi kwenziwa ini i-insulin yabantu abenesifo sikashukela. Usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphinda busetshenziswe yi-DNA, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakheke i-analogue ngqo ye-hormone ehlanganisa ama-pancreas omuntu ophilile.
Ukuthola umkhiqizo wokugcina, kwenziwa ukuguqulwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwe-molecule ye-hormone. Faka esikhundleni se-asparagine nge-glycine, ungeza izinsalela ze-arginine. Umuthi awusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimo ze-comatose noma zokuthakazelisa. Inqunywe kuphela ngokungaxhunyiwe.
Iqhaza labazuzi
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ucabange ukukhiqizwa kwanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo we-pharmacological, ikakhulukazi i-insulin, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo ezikhethekile.
Ngokwezigaba zabo, konke okungeziwe kwezidakamizwa eziqukethe i-insulin kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
- Izinto ezinquma ukwanda kwezidakamizwa;
- Izinto zokubulala amagciwane;
- Ukuzinza kwe-Acid.
Abasakazi
Ngenhloso yomuntu okhipha inyumbazana, isikhathi sokuchayeka esigulini sengezelwa ngomuthi owandisa isikhathi eside kwikhambi le-insulin.
Kusetshenziswa kakhulu:
- I-Protafan;
- Insuman basal;
- NPH;
- I-Humulin;
- Ithiphu;
- I-Mono-tard;
- I-Humulin-zinc.
Izakhi zokwelapha
Izakhi ezibulala amagciwane zandisa impilo eshalofini lemithi. Ukuba khona kwezakhi zokusebenzisa igciwane kuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane. Lezi zinto ngomumo wazo we-biochemical ziyiziguli ezingathinti umsebenzi wesidakamizwa uqobo.
Izithasiselo ezidume kakhulu ze-antimicrobial ezisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwe-insulin:
- Metacresol;
- I-Phenol;
- Parabens
Ngayinye yezidakamizwa ethize sebenzisa izengezo zazo ezikhethekile. Ukuxhumana kwabo nomunye kuyaphoqelelwa ngokuningiliziwe okufundwe kusigaba sokuqala. Isidingo esiyinhloko ukuthi i-preservative akufanele yephule umsebenzi we-biological womuthi.
Isibulala magciwane esisezingeni eliphakeme futhi esikhethwe kahle sikuvumela ukuthi ungagcini ngokugcina inzalo yokubumba isikhathi eside kuphela, kodwa futhi wenze imijovo ye-intradermal noma subcutaneous ngaphandle kokuqala kokusabalalisa izicubu zomzimba. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu lapho singekho isikhathi sokucubungula isayithi lomjovo.
Abaqinisi
Isixazululo ngasinye kufanele sibe ne-pH esizinzile futhi singashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. AmaStabilizer asetshenziswa, nje ukuvikela umuthi ekwandeni kwe-acidity.
Izisombululo zemijovo, ama-phosphates asetshenziswa kaningi. Uma i-insulin ifakwa nge-zinc, ama-stabilizer awasetshenziswa, ngoba ama-iron ion ngokwawo enza njengabazinza be-acid solution.
Njengasendabeni yezakhi ezibulala amagciwane, ama-stabiliser akufanele angene kunoma yikuphi ukusabela ngento esebenzayo ngokwayo.
Umsebenzi we-insulin awukona kuphela ukugcina izinga elifanele likashukela egazini likashukela, kodwa futhi i-hormone akufanele ibe yingozi kwezinye izitho, izicubu zomzimba womuntu.
Kuyini ukulinganisa kwe-insulin
Kumalungiselelo okuqala kakhulu nge-insulin ngo-1 ml wesisombululo esiqukethe i-1 UNIT kuphela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuphela lapho ukukhuphuka kokuhlushwa kukhuphuka. Ensimini yeRussian Federation, amabhodlela anezimpawu zokumaka - U-40 noma 40 amayunithi / ml ajwayelekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ku-1 ml yesisombululo kuhlanganiswe ama-PIECES angama-40.
Amasirinji anamuhla ahlanganiswe ukucabanga okucatshangelwe kahle, okuzokuvumela ukuthi ufake umthamo odingekayo, ugwema ubungozi be-overdose engalindelekile. Onke ama-nuances aphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwesirinji nge-calibration achazwa udokotela ohamba naye, akhethe umuthi wesifo sikashukela okokuqala noma ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwerejimeni yempilo yakudala.
