Leli igama elibuhlungu le-insulin. Kuningi okubhaliwe futhi kwabhalwa ngaye. Omunye uyibona njengomusho, othile njengethemba, futhi othile okhuluma ngale ndaba akanandaba ngokuphelele.
Kepha uma, ngasizathu simbe, umfundi eba nentshisekelo kulolu daba, kusho ukuthi basenemibuzo evulekile futhi hhayi yonke into ecacile kuye.
Sizozama ukuchaza ngolimi oluzwisisekayo, sisebenzisa amagama ambalwa wezokwelapha, kungani umzimba udinga lo mkhiqizo womsebenzi we-pancreatic, yimiphi imisebenzi enikezwe wona nokuthi ubaluleke kangakanani lesi siqhingi sempilo kubantu.
Yebo, nansi indlela i-insula ehunyushwa ngayo isuka eLatini - isiqhingi.
Kuyini insulin?
I-molecule ye-3D ye-insulin
Akulungile neze labo abachaza ngenhliziyo eyodwa umsebenzi we-insulin. Ukumnikeza indima yohlobo lwetekisi lokuphilayo, okufanele ilethe ushukela kusuka ephuzwini A kuya endaweni B, kuyilapho ekhohlwa ukuthi leli hormone alinikezi nje kuphela ukushintshanisa ama-carbohydrate, kodwa futhi nama-electrolyte, amafutha kanye namaprotheni.
Ikhono layo lokuxhumana ekuthuthiseni izinto ezifana nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nama-amino acid, ama-lipid, ama-nucleotide ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lwesitho ngokulula akunakwenzeka ukulidla ngokweqile.
Ngakho-ke, akukufanele ukwenqaba ukuthi yi-insulin (i-insulin) ye-insulin (IRI) eyenza umsebenzi obalulekile wokulawula ukuqina kwe-membrane.
Izici zokwenziwa ngenhla zivumela lo mkhiqizo wemvelo ukuthi ubekwe njengamaprotheni anezakhiwo ze-anabolic.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamahomoni:
- I-insulin yamahhala - ivuselela ukumuncwa kwe-glucose yi-adipose kanye nezicubu zomzimba.
- Ixhunyiwe - ayisebenzi ngama-antibodies futhi isebenza kuphela ngokumelene namaseli wamafutha.
Isiphi isitho esikhiqizayo?
Kufanele kwaziwe ngaso leso sikhathi ukuthi isitho esihlanganisa "isishukumiseli sokushintshana", kanye nenqubo yokukhiqizwa uqobo, akuyona isitolo seShirpotrebovsky kusuka engaphansi. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Emzimbeni ophilile, umphumela wawo ekuthembekeni uqhathaniswa newashi laseSwitzerland.
Igama lale-oscillator ye-master yi-pancreas. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umsebenzi wayo wokuqinisekisa impilo wawaziwa, othinta ukuguqulwa kokudla okuchithiwe kube amandla abalulekile. Kamuva, lezi zinqubo zabizwa ngokuthi yi-metabolic noma i-metabolic.
Ukuze ikwenze kukholwe ngokwengeziwe, ake sinikeze isibonelo: esivele kuyi-Talmud yasendulo, ikhodi yemithetho yokuphila nemibhalo yamaJuda, ama-pancreas abizwa ngokuthi "umunwe kankulunkulu".
Ukuthinta i-anatomy yomuntu kancane, sigcizelela ukuthi itholakala ngemuva kwesisu esiswini sesisu. Esakhiweni sayo, i-iron empeleni ifana nezinto eziphilayo ezihlukile.
Unazo zonke izingxenye zalo:
- ikhanda;
- umsila;
- umzimba njengengxenye eyinhloko.
Ama- "pancreas" aqukethe amaseli. Ekugcineni, zona zakha izindawo zesiqhingi, ezibizwa ngokuthi - iziqhingi zepancreatic. Elinye igama labo linikezwe ukuhlonipha ukutholwa kwalezi ziqhingi ezibalulekile ze-pathologist ezivela eJalimane, uPaul Langerhans - iziqhingi zaseLangerhans.
Ukuba khona kwezindlela zokuqalwa kweseli esiqhingini kwaqoshwa ngumJalimane, kepha udokotela waseRussia uL. Sobolev kungokwokutholakele ukuthi la maseli ahlukanisa insulin.
Ividiyo ebonakalayo:
Indima emzimbeni womuntu
Inqubo yokuqonda inqubo yesizukulwane se-insulin nokuqonda ukuthi ithinta kanjani i-metabolism ihlala ezingqondweni zabodokotela hhayi kuphela odokotela, kodwa futhi nakwezazi zezinto eziphilayo, ze-biochemists nonjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo.
Umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqizwa kwalo ulele kuma-β-cell.
Unesibopho sikashukela wegazi kanye nezinqubo ze-metabolic, wenza imisebenzi elandelayo:
- kushukumisa amaseli we-membrane ukwandisa ukubonakala kwawo;
- yisisusa esiyinhloko sokuqhekeka kwe-glucose;
- ishukumisa ukwakheka kwe-glycogen, into eyinkimbinkimbi efana ne-carbohydrate egcina amandla abalulekile;
- kusebenze ukukhiqizwa kwama-lipids namaprotheni.
Ngokuntuleka kwe-hormone, izimfanelo zenzelwe ukutholakala kwesifo esibi - isifo sikashukela.
Umuntu ofundayo, ongakuqondi ngokuphelele ukuthi le hormone idingelwa ini, angaba nombono ongamanga ngeqhaza lawo enqubweni yokuphila. Ithi, lo ngumlawuli ngokuphelele wemisebenzi yonke yempilo, oletha inzuzo eyodwa kuphela.
Lokhu kukude kangako. Konke kufanele kukhishwe ngokulinganisela, kusetshenziswe kahle, ngesamba esifanele, ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ake ucabange umzuzwana, uma uqala 'ukuvela' nezinkezo, izimbiza, izigaxa, uju oluhle kangaka lukaMeyi.
Kungashiwo okufanayo nangelilanga lasekuseni elinomusa nelanga elingenamusa ilanga.
Ukuqonda, cabanga ngethebula elinikeza umbono wemisebenzi yalo yemikhakha ehlukene:
| Izici ezinhle | Izici ezingezinhle |
|---|---|
| Ibamba kancane ukwakheka kwemizimba ye-ketone esibindini: i-acetone, i-beta-oximebutyric ne-acetoacetic acid. Ishukumisa ukwenziwa kwe-glycogen, okuthiwa. polysaccharide - isitoreji samandla esibaluleke kakhulu sesibili. Imisa ukuhlukana kwe-glycogen. Iqinisa indlela yokuqhekeka kashukela. Isebenzisa inqubo yokwakha ama-ribosomes, wona, ahlanganisa amaprotheni futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isisindo semisipha. Vimbela i-catabolism (ukubhujiswa) kwamaprotheni. Usebenza njenge-communicator yama-amino acid amaseli emisipha. | Kuthuthukisa inqubo ye-lipogenesis, ukwakheka kwamafutha acid kanye nokuqongelela kwamandla kawo (fat), blocking hormone receptor lipase. Igcina amanoni, iphazamisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ayo. Idlulisela i-glucose kumaseli wamafutha. Ukweqisa kwalo kusebenza njengabachitha imithambo yegazi, njengoba zivusa ukuqhuma kwazo, kudala izicubu zomzimba ezithambile ezizungezile. Ngenxa yalokhu okwenzeka ngenhla, umfutho wegazi uyakhuphuka. Ukuxhuma kwayo kusungulwa ngokubonakala kwezakhiwo ezintsha eziyingozi emzimbeni. I-insulin yi-hormone futhi ukuwedlula kwayo kusebenza njengesisusa sokuzala iseli, kubandakanya nomdlavuza. |
Izicubu ezincike kuma-insulin
Ukwehlukaniswa kwezicubu zomzimba ngokwezibonakaliso zokuncika kusekelwe emshinini lapho ushukela ungena kuwo amangqamuzana. I-glucose ingena kwezicubu ezincike ku-insulin ngosizo lwe-insulin, nakwabanye, ngokulandelana, ngokuhlukile - ngokuzimela.
Uhlobo lokuqala luhlanganisa isibindi, izicubu ze-adipose nezicubu zomzimba. Banama-receptors ukuthi, ukusebenzisana nalokhu okhulumisana nabanye, kwandise ukuzwela kanye nokuphuma kweseli, okubangela izinqubo ze-metabolic.
Ku-mellitus yesifo sikashukela, lokhu "qonda "kuphukile. Sinikeza isibonelo ngokhiye nokhiye.
UGlucose ufuna ukungena endlini (esekhisini). Kukhona inqaba (receptor) endlini. Kulokhu, unokhiye (i-insulin). Futhi konke kuhamba kahle, lapho konke kuhamba kahle - ukhiye uvula isikhiye ngokuthula, uvumele ikheji.
Kepha nansi inkinga - ukukhiya kukhiye (i-pathology emzimbeni). Futhi ukhiye ofanayo awukwazi ukuvula ukukhiya okufanayo. I-glucose ayikwazi ukungena, ukuhlala ngaphandle kwendlu, isb. Egazini. Yini okwenziwa ngamanyikwe lapho izicubu zithumela isibonakaliso - asinawo ushukela owanele, asinawo amandla? Angazi ukuthi ukhiye uphukile futhi unikeza ushukela ukhiye ofanayo, ukhiqiza i-insulin engaphezulu. Okuyinto futhi engakwazi "ukuvula" umnyango.
Ekuphikiseni okulandelayo kwe-insulin (ukungavikeleki), i-iron ikhiqiza okuningana okusha. Amazinga kashukela akhuphuka ngokuxakile. Ngenxa yokugcotshwa okuphezulu kwehormone, ushukela “usathelwe” ezithweni ezithembela ku-insulin. Kepha ngeke kuqhubeke lokhu isikhathi eside. Ukusebenzela ukugqokwa, amaseli β-ancishisiwe. Ushukela wegazi ufinyelela inani lomkhawulo, elibonisa ukuqalwa kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.
Umfundi angaba nombuzo osemthethweni, futhi yiziphi izici zangaphandle nezangaphakathi ezingabangela ukumelana ne-insulin?
Konke kulula. Uxolo ngokuba mnya, kepha kuyinto engenakuqhathaniswa ne-zhor nokukhuluphala. Kungamanoni, emboza izicubu zemisipha nesibindi, okwenza ukuthi amaseli alahlekelwe umuzwa wawo. I-80% yendoda uqobo, futhi kuyena kuphela, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuthanda nokunganakwa kuye, izilethela esimweni esibi kangaka. Enye i-20% iyisihloko sengxoxo ngefomethi ehlukile.
Kuyafaneleka ukuthi uqaphele iqiniso elihehayo - njengasemzimbeni womuntu, enye yemithetho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yefilosofi iyafezeka - umthetho wobumbano nokuzabalaza kwabaphikisayo.
Sikhuluma ngama-pancreas kanye nokusebenza kwama-α-cell kanye ne-β-cell.
Ngamunye wabo uhlanganisa umkhiqizo wawo:
- Ama-α-cell - akhiqiza i-glucagon;
- Ama-β-cell - ngokulandelana, i-insulin.
I-insulin ne-glucagon, ngokuba ngabaphikisi abangavumelani nakancane, noma kunjalo babamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekulinganiseni kwezinqubo ze-metabolic.
Isisekelo salokhu:
- I-Glucagon yi-hormone ye-polypeptide ekhuthaza ukwanda kwe-glucose yegazi, okuvusa inqubo ye-lipolysis (ukwakheka kwamafutha) namandla e-metabolism.
- I-insulin ingumkhiqizo wamaprotheni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kufakwa enqubweni yokwehlisa ushukela.
Umzabalazo wabo ongenakufinyeleleka, ngokumangazayo njengoba kuzwakala, uvusa ohlelweni oluhle izinqubo eziningi zokuphila emzimbeni.
Ividiyo evela kusazi:
Izindinganiso zegazi
Ngokusobala, ukubaluleka kwezinga layo elizinzile, okufanele lisukela ku-3 liye ku-35 μU / ml. Lesi sikhombisi sibonisa i-pancreas enempilo kanye nokusebenza kwekhwalithi ephezulu yemisebenzi eyabelwe.
Esihlokweni sithinte emcabangweni wokuthi "... yonke into kufanele ilinganiswe." Lokhu, kunjalo, kusebenza emsebenzini wezitho ze-endocrine.
Izinga Lokukhuphuka liyibhomu elinewashi elibunjiwe. Lesi simo sibonisa ukuthi i-pancreas ikhiqiza ama-hormone, kodwa ngenxa yesifo esithile, amaseli awakuboni (awakuboni). Uma ungathathi izinyathelo eziphuthumayo, ukusabela kwe-chain kuzokwenzeka ngokushesha, kungathinti izitho zangaphakathi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Uma ukhuphuke i-insulin, khona-ke lokhu kungadalwa:
- ukuzikhandla okukhulu ngokomzimba;
- ukucindezelwa nokucindezela isikhathi eside;
- ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-hepatic;
- ukuvela kwesifo sikashukela ngohlobo lwesibili;
- i-acromegaly (i-pathological okweqile kwe-hormone yokukhula);
- Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile
- dystrophic myotonia (isifo sezinzwa);
- i-insulinoma - isimila esisebenzayo samaseli we-β;
- ukumelana neseli okungenasici;
- ukungalingani kwe-pituitary gland;
- i-polycystic ovary (isifo se-grenecological gynecological);
- i-adrenal oncology;
- isifo se-pancreas.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, ezinamazinga aphezulu ama-hormone, ukushaqeka kwe-insulin kungenzeka ezigulini, okuholela ekulahlekelweni yimizwa.
Ngokuqukethwe kwe-hormone ephezulu, umuntu ukhombisa ukoma, ukumiswa kwesikhumba, ukuqina, ubuthakathaka, ukukhathala, ukuchama ngokweqile, ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda esingesihle, ukuncipha kwesifiso sokudla.
Ukuhlushwa okuphansi, kunalokho, kukhuluma ngokukhathala komzimba kanye nokuwohloka kwamanyikwe ikakhulukazi. Usevele akakwazi ukusebenza kahle futhi akakhiqizi inani elifanele lezinto.
Izizathu zenkomba ephansi:
- ukuba khona kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1;
- ukungasebenzi ngokomzimba;
- ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-pituitary gland;
- ukusebenza ngokomzimba okukukhulu, ikakhulukazi esiswini esingenalutho;
- ukuhlukunyezwa kofulawa omhlophe ocwengekile nemikhiqizo kashukela;
- ukukhathala kwezinzwa, ukudangala;
- izifo ezingamahlalakhona ezingapheli.
Izimpawu
- ukuthuthumela emzimbeni;
- i-tachycardia;
- ukungahambi kahle;
- ukukhathazeka nokukhathazeka okungenakuvinjwa;
- ukujuluka, ukufoka;
- indlala enzima engekho ngokwemvelo.
Ukuqikelela amazinga kashukela, ukwethulwa okufika ngesikhathi kwe-insulin egazini kususa le isibonakaliso futhi kuvume inhlala-kahle yesiguli.
Ngakho-ke ngemuva kwakho konke, yikuphi ukuhlushwa kwe-insulin okubhekwa njengokujwayelekile kwabesilisa nabesifazane?
Ngefomu elinganiselwe, cishe kuyafana kubo bobabili ubulili. Kodwa-ke, umuntu wesifazane unezimo ezithile ukuthi ubulili obuqine kakhulu awunabo.
Izinga le-insulin egazini labesifazane esiswini esingenalutho (μU / ml):
| Iminyaka engu-25 kuye kwengama-50 | Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa | Iminyaka engaphezu kuka-60 |
|---|---|---|
| 3 <insula <25 | 6 <insula <27 | 6 <insula <35 |
Imvamisa yabesilisa (mkU / ml):
| Iminyaka engu-25 kuye kwengama-50 | Iminyaka engaphezu kuka-60 |
|---|---|
| 3 <insula <25 | 6 <insula <35 |
Imvamisa kubantu abasha, intsha nezingane (μU / ml):
| Ngaphansi kweminyaka eyi-14 | Iminyaka ukusuka kwengu-14 kuye kwengama-25 |
|---|---|
| 3 <insula <20 | 6 <insula <25 |
Yini ama-hormone enzelwa abanesifo sikashukela?
Ukudotshwa kwe-insulin okwenziwa minyaka yonke kungaphezu kwezigidigidi ezi-4. Lokhu kungenxa yenombolo enhle yeziguli. Ngakho-ke, umuthi, ufuna ukwanelisa isidingo sawo, uthuthukisa izindlela zokwenziwa kwawo okufakelwa.
Kodwa-ke, izinto eziyisisekelo zezinto eziphilayo zisasetshenziswa.
Ngokuya ngomthombo, lezi zidakamizwa zehlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:
- izilwane;
- womuntu.
Esokuqala sitholakala ngokwelapha amanyikwe ezinkomeni nasezingulubeni. Ukulungiswa kwe-bullish kuqukethe ama-amino acid amathathu "angeziwe" angaphandle kubantu. Lokhu kungadala ukubonakaliswa okunzima komzimba.
Umuthi oguqulwe kakhulu kubantu i-hormone yengulube, eyehluka kumuntu kuphela ku-amino acid. Ngakho-ke, ingulube, kulokhu, ingumsindisi futhi "umngani."
Ividiyo ebonakalayo:
Izinga lokubona izidakamizwa ezithathwe ezilwaneni lincike ekujuleni kokuhlanzwa kwengxenye yesisekelo.
Izithasiselo zezidakamizwa zabantu zaleli qembu zikhiqizwa ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi bezigaba eziningi. Le mishanguzo, njengomqhele wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, ibizwa ngokuthi ama-recombinants e-DNA. Zenziwe ngamagciwane angama-E. coli ngesikhathi se-algorithm ende yokulandelana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampane ezihola phambili zemithi zikhiqiza umkhiqizo we-hormonal owenziwe ngoguquko lwe-enzymatic.
Kepha lena ngenye indaba nokuthi izinto eziphakeme kakhulu azifinyeleleki kanjani ukuqonda umuntu olula.
Kithina, umphumela wokugcina ubalulekile - ukutholakala komuthi ongabizi kwabanesifo sikashukela uyathengiswa.
