I-insulin emzimbeni womuntu ihlanganyela komunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile - yokulawula. Ikhuthaza i-glucose metabolism ngesikhathi lapho ukuqina kwayo egazini kudlula i-100 mg / dts.
Ukuqanjwa kwehomoni, uma ithuthukiswa ngamanani anele, kuvimbela ukukhula kwesifo sikashukela i-mellitus, ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic futhi kuthuthukisa namandla omzimba.
Kungakho kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yisiphi isitho esibhekele ukwenziwa kwe-insulin ukuze kulawulwe ukwakheka kwayo.
Ngabe ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin kuhamba kuphi?
Ama-pancreas aqukethe izicubu ezahlukahlukene, izindunduma nezinhlobo eziningana zamaseli. Elinye lazo ngamaseli e-beta atholakala eziqhingini zepancreatic, aqanjwa ngusosayensi uLangerhans. Bakhiqiza le hormone.
Izingxenye lapho amanyikwe aqukethe:
- Ikhanda. Itholakala ngakwesokudla komugqa wesikhungo futhi ifanela ngokungenasici ku-duodenum.
- Umzimba - kubhekwa njengengxenye esemqoka. Ngokwesimo, ifana ne-prismron efana ne-prism.
- Umsila. Amaseli weBeta akhiwe kule ngxenye.
Ukusebenza komzimba:
- I-Endocrine. Lo msebenzi ukukhiqiza ama-hormone angama-5.
- Isigangi. Lesi senzo sesisu sisuselwa ekukhishweni kwe-amylase, proteinase, lipase eduze kwemisele esele ekhona eholela emgodleni we-organ. Izinto zibamba iqhaza ekugayweni kokudla.
Indlela yokukhiqiza iHormone:
- i-insulin ikhiqizwa kusukela lapho inani lama-carbohydrate atholakala kusukela ekukhuphukeni kokudla;
- ngemuva kokuqunjelwa, i-hormone ingena ngokuhlukile emithanjeni ye-pancreatic ne-hepatic, bese idlulela egazini;
- okuqukethwe kwe-hormone kuyancipha ngesikhathi sokuzila.
Indima ye-insulin emzimbeni womuntu:
- ukuhamba kwe-hormone ukungena egazini kuholela ekunikezelweni kwamaseli ngoshukela, ama-amino acid ne-potassium;
- ihlinzeka ngomthethonqubo wezinqubo ezakha i-carbohydrate metabolism;
- iphinda iphinde inikeze amandla amaseli;
- iqapha umzimba wokudla kwamafutha okwakha umzimba, amaprotheni;
- i-insulin yi-hormone esiza ukugcina i-glycemia ejwayelekile futhi ivimbele ukwanda kokuxineka kwe-glucose egazini;
- igqugquzela ukukhula kwe-throughput kuma-membranes weseli futhi ibanikeze izakhi zomzimba;
- ubamba iqhaza ekusebenzeni kwesibindi, ngenxa yokuthi kukhiqizwa i-glycogen;
- kugqugquzela ukunqwabelana nokwakhiwa kwamaprotheni;
- kuholela ekukhiqizeni okusebenzayo kwe-hormone yokukhula;
- kuvimbela ukwakhiwa kwemizimba ye-ketone;
- kuthinta yonke inqubo ye-metabolic emzimbeni womuntu.
I-insulin ukuphela kwe-hormone ephatha ukukhula kweglucose.
Amaseli we-pancreatic beta
Indima enkulu yalawa maseli ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin. Ososayensi abafundanga ngokuphelele yonke imigomo yokuqunjelwa kwama-hormone, ngakho-ke, konke okufihlakele kwale nqubo okwamanje akuqondakali isintu ukuze sikuthonye futhi kuvikele ukukhula kwe-insulin ukumelana. Ngisho nokushoda okuncane ekukhiqizeni ama-hormone kungadala ushukela.
Izinhlobo zama-hormone zokwenziwa ngamaseli we-beta:
- I-Proinsulin iyisendlalelo se-insulin.
- Insulin Ngenqubo yokuvela kwayo, kwenzeka ngaphansi kokuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene, kusebenza njenge-analogue yohlobo lokuqala lwe-hormone.
Isikimu sokwakheka kwe-insulin:
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-insulin kumaseli e-beta kwenziwa inqubo yokuguqulwa, okuthi emva kwalokho kungene kuyinkimbinkimbi yakwaGolgi, kuqhutshekwa nokusebenza okwengeziwe.
- I-Cleavage ye-C peptide yenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-enzyme.
- I-hormone yamaprotheni imbozwe ngemiganu ekhethekile yemfihlo lapho igcinwa futhi inqwabelaniswa.
- Ngokwanda kokuhlushwa ushukela, kukhululwa i-hormone bese kusebenza kwayo kuqala.
Uhlelo lwe-glucose-sensor beta-cell lubhekene nokulawulwa kokukhiqizwa kwama-hormone, ngaleyo ndlela luqinisekise ukulingana phakathi kokuqamba noshukela wegazi.
Ukudla ngokweqile ama-carbohydrate kuyakwazi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubangela ukuthi ama-pancreas akhiqize i-insulin, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekuvuseleleni amandla obuthakathaka bekhono lama-isanc we-pancreatic ukukhiqiza ama-hormone, okuholela ekwandeni okufanayo kwe-glycemia. Abantu ngemuva kweminyaka engu-40 ubudala bavame ukwenza ushintsho olunjalo kumanyikwe.
Umthelela ezinqubweni ze-metabolic
I-insulin yehlukanisa ama-molecule eglue ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- ivuselela ukuhamba kwayo ngama-membranes weseli, isebenze abathwali bamaprotheni abangabamba ushukela omningi bese beyihambisa kabusha;
- uletha ama-carbohydrate amaningi kumaseli;
- uguqula ushukela abe yi-glycogen;
- udlulisela ama-molecule we-carbohydrate kwamanye izicubu.
Ama-molecule we-Glycogen abhekwa njengomthombo oyisisekelo wamandla wezinto eziningi eziphilayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwento kuqalwa kuphela ngemuva kokuncipha kwezinye izindlela.
Ukuqhekeka kwama-molecule we-glycogen nokuguqulwa kwabo kube ushukela kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya le-glucagon. Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo okunezindlela ezimbili kusiza ekutholeni amandla ethonya lama-hormone komunye nomunye futhi ngaleyo ndlela kusekela i-homeostasis emzimbeni.
Yiziphi izifo ezingadala ukuphazamiseka kwe-excretion?
Ukwephulwa kokusebenza kwanoma isiphi isitho sangaphakathi noma uhlelo kufaka ushintsho olubi emzimbeni wonke.
Ukuphambuka emsebenzini we-pancreas kungadala ama-pathologies amaningi abucayi, okungaba nzima ukukuqeda noma ngosizo lwezindlela zanamuhla zokwelapha.
Ukungazinaki izincomo zokwelashwa ezihlose ukuqeda izifo kuholela ekuguqukeni kwabo kwifomu elingamahlalakhona. Kungakho kungafanele ukuthi ubambezele ukwelashwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwanele ukuvakashela uchwepheshe bese ukhetha indlela efanelekile yokwelashwa, okuzogwema izinkinga ezalandela.
Isici se-pancreas ukuthi amaseli ayo akhiqiza i-insulin ethe xaxa, edonswa kuphela uma kudliwa ngokweqile ukudla okuqukethe i-carbohydrate (ngokwesibonelo, inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo kafulawa, ama-muffin namaswidi). Noma kunjalo, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezithile, noma ukuhanjiswa okunjalo ngeke kwanele ukuvimba ukukhuphuka kwamazinga kashukela.
Ama-pathologies avela ngokumelene nesizinda sokukhula kokuqalwa kwama-hormone
- I-Insulinoma. Lesi sifo sibonisa ukwakheka kwe-benign tumor equkethe amaseli we-beta. Isimila esinjalo sibanga izimpawu ezifana ne-hypoglycemia.
- I-pancreatitis. Lesi sifo senzeka ngokumelene nesizinda sokuvuvukala kwesitho, okuhambisana nobuhlungu, ukugabha nokuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla.
- Ukushaqeka kwe-insulin. Lesi simo sihambisana nenkimbinkimbi yokubonakaliswa okuhlangene ne-overdose ye-insulin.
- Isifo seSomoji. Lesi sifo sithathwa njengendlela yokwelapha i-insulin ngokweqile.
Ama-pathologies avela ngenxa yokuntuleka kwehomoni noma ukwephulwa kokutholwa kwawo:
- Isifo sikashukela 1 zohlobo. Le pathology ye-endocrine icasulwa ukuphambuka kokutholwa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-insulin. Inani lamahomoni akhiqizwa yi-pancreas alikwazi ukwehlisa izinga lokuhlushwa kweglucose. Ngenxa yalokhu, isiguli siphawula ukwehla kwezenhlalo yabo. Ukuntuleka kokwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi kuholela ezinkingeni eziyingozi zokujikeleza kwegazi nokusebenza kwenhliziyo. Njengendlela yokwelapha, kusetshenziswa indlela yokusebenzisa i-insulin usebenzisa imijovo engaphansi.
- Thayipha isifo sikashukela sesi-2. Ngokungafani nefomu elithembela i-insulin, lolu hlobo lwesifo luhlukaniswa yimininingwane yenkambo yayo nokwelashwa kwayo. Ezigabeni zokuqala zensimbi, i-insulin ikhiqizwa ngamanani anele, kepha lapho i-pathology iqhubeka, umzimba uba namandla awo. Lokhu kuholela ekwandeni okungalawulwa kwe-glycemia, okungalawulwa kuphela ngokukhawula ekudleni kwama-carbohydrate futhi uthathe izidakamizwa ezithile uma kunesidingo.
Ngakho-ke, yi-insulin ebhekele imisebenzi eminingi emzimbeni. Ilawula izinga le-glycemia, ihlanganisa ukwakheka kwama-enzyme ahilelekile ukugaya. Noma iziphi izinguquko nokuphambuka kwale nkomba kusuka kokujwayelekile kukhombisa ngokuqondile ukwenzeka kwezifo ezithile okufanele ziqedwe ngokushesha.
Ividiyo mayelana nesifo sikashukela:
Ukuvuselelwa kwe-hormone yokwenziwa
Namuhla, akunakwenzeka ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin futhi uqalise ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwezigcawu ze-pancreatic. Ngalezi zinhloso, izilwane kanye nokufakelwa insulin kuyasetshenziswa. Indlela umuthi owenziwa ngayo ngokungagudluki esigulini esinesifo sikashukela ibhekwa njengeyona ndlela yokwelapha ekubuyiseleni ibhalansi esemzimbeni.
Ukwelashwa kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nokudla okukhethekile kwe-carb. Isisekelo sokudla okunjalo kungukukhipha ushukela kanye nama-carbohydrate asheshayo. Ukudla kwenziwa ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwamazinga kashukela, kanye nenani lama-XE aqediwe (amayunithi esinkwa).
Izindlela zokuqeda amazinga e-insulin ngokweqile:
- ukunciphisa inani lokudla, kanye nokunciphisa umkhawulo wokuba khona kwama-carbohydrate akhayo ekudleni;
- enze umuthi wokwelapha izidakamizwa;
- gwema ukucindezela.
Ukwelashwa kubhekwa njengokusebenza kangcono uma isiguli sibandakanyeka kwezemidlalo, sihamba futhi sihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo.
I-insulin inesibopho sokulawula inani elikhulu lezinqubo ze-metabolic emzimbeni. Ukuqapha njalo kwe-glycemia hhayi kuphela, kepha futhi nezinga le-hormone, kwenza ukuthi kungaphuthelwa ukwenzeka kwama-pathologies amaningi angathi sína futhi kuqale ukwelashwa ngesikhathi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwanda kwezinkinga eziyingozi.
