Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-carbohydrate - I-Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, ne-Polysaccharides

Enye yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni okuphelele komzimba womuntu ngama-carbohydrate.

Bahlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningi ngokwesakhiwo sabo - ama-monosaccharides, ama-disaccharides nama-polysaccharides. Kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kudingeka futhi ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo zabo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-carbohydrate

Ama-carbohydrate ayizakhi eziqukethe i-carbon, hydrogen ne-oxygen. Imvamisa imvamisa imvelaphi, yize eminye idalwe ngenkuthalo. Indima yabo empilweni yezinto eziphilayo inkulu kakhulu.

Imisebenzi yabo esemqoka imi kanje:

1. Amandla. Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zingumthombo oyinhloko wamandla. Iningi lezitho zingasebenza ngokuphelele ngenxa yamandla atholakala ngesikhathi se-oxidation ye-glucose.
2. Okuhlelekile. Ama-carbohydrate ayadingeka ekwakhekeni cishe kwawo wonke amaseli omzimba. I-Fibre idlala indima yento esekelayo, futhi amathambo ayinkimbinkimbi atholakala emathanjeni nakumaqwili. Enye yezakhi zamangqamuzana eseli yi-hyaluronic acid. Ama-carbohydrate compounds nawo ayadingeka ekwenziweni kwama-enzyme.
3. Ukuvikelwa. Lapho umzimba usebenza, izindlala ezithola uketshezi oluyimfihlo oludingekayo ukuvikela izitho zangaphakathi emiphumeleni ye-pathogenic ziyenziwa. Ingxenye ebalulekile yalawa manzi imelelwa ama-carbohydrate.
4. Ezokulawula. Lo msebenzi ubonakaliswa ngomphumela emzimbeni womuntu we-glucose (isekela i-homeostasis, ilawula umfutho we-osmotic) kanye ne-fiber (kuthinta motility wesisu).
5. Izici ezikhethekile. Zimpawu zezinhlobo ezithile zama-carbohydrate. Imisebenzi ekhethekile enjalo ifaka phakathi: ukubamba iqhaza enqubekweni yokudluliselwa kwezifiso zezinzwa, ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu ehlukene wegazi, njll

Ngokusekelwe ekutheni imisebenzi yama-carbohydrate ihlukahlukene kakhulu, kungabhekwa ukuthi lezi zihlanganisi kufanele ziyehluka ekwakhiweni nasezintweni zazo.

Lokhu kuyiqiniso, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwabo okuyinhloko kufaka izinhlobo ezinjengalezi:

1. I-Monosaccharides. Babhekwa njengento elula kunazo zonke. Izinhlobo ezisele zama-carbohydrate zingena kwinqubo ye-hydrolysis bese zihlahlela ezingxenyeni ezincane. Ama-monosaccharides awunawo amandla, angumkhiqizo wokugcina.
2. Ukukhishwa. Kwezinye izigaba, zifakwa ku-oligosaccharides. Ziqukethe ama-molecule amabili e-monosaccharide. Kukubo ukuthi i-disaccharide ihlukaniswe phakathi kwe-hydrolysis.
3. Ama-Oligosaccharides. Ukwakheka kwaleli khompiyutha kuqukethe kusuka kuma-molecule we-monosaccharide amabili kuya kwayi-10.
4. Polysaccharides. Lezi zingxube ziyizinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke. Kubandakanya ama-molecule angaphezu kwama-10 e-monosaccharide.

Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-carbohydrate lunezinto zalo. Kufanele ubacabangele ukuze uqonde ukuthi ngamunye wabo uwuthinta kanjani umzimba womuntu nokuthi ziyini izinzuzo zawo.

I-Monosaccharides

Lezi zingxube eziyindlela elula yama-carbohydrate. Ziqukethe i-molecule eyodwa, ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis, azihlukaniswa ngamabhulokhi amancane. Lapho ama-monosaccharides ehlanganiswa, kwakhiwa ama-disaccharides, ama-oligosaccharides nama-polysaccharides.

Bahlukaniswa yisimo esiqinile sokuhlanganiswa kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi. Banamandla okuncibilika emanzini. Bangaphinde bancibilike kuma-alcohols (ukusabela kunamandla kunamanzi). I-Monosaccharides neze isabela ekuxubeni ngama-ether.

Imvamisa, kukhulunywa nge-monosaccharides yemvelo. Ezinye zazo zidliwa ngabantu ngokudla. Lokhu kufaka i-glucose, i-fructose ne-galactose.

Zitholakala kokudla okufana noku:

• uju;
• Chocolate
• izithelo
• izinhlobo ezithile zewayini;
• isiraphu, njll.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-carbohydrate alolu hlobo ngamandla. Lokhu akusho ukuthi umzimba awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwabo, kepha banezinto ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphelele komzimba, ngokwesibonelo, ukubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni ze-metabolic.

Umzimba ufisa ama-monosaccharides ngokushesha okwenzekayo endaweni yokugaya ukudla. Inqubo yokwamukelwa kwama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, ngokungafani nezithako ezilula, ayilula kangako. Okokuqala, amakhompiyutha ayinkimbinkimbi kufanele ahlukaniswe ngama-monosaccharides, kuphela emva kwalokho amunwa.

IGlucose

Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zama-monosaccharides. Yinto emhlophe ekristali eyakheka ngokwemvelo - ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis noma ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis. Ifomula ye-composed yi-C6H12O6. Umuthi u-soluble kakhulu emanzini, unokunambitheka okumnandi.

I-glucose ihlinzeka amaseli izicubu zomzimba nobuchopho ngamandla. Lapho igxotshwa, umuthi uyangenwa, ungena egazini futhi usakazeka kuwo wonke umzimba. Lapho, i-oxidation yayo yenzeka ngokukhululwa kwamandla. Lo mthombo oyinhloko wamandla ubuchopho.

Ngokuntuleka kwe-glucose, i-hypoglycemia iyakhula emzimbeni, othinta ngokuyinhloko ukusebenza kwezakhi zobuchopho. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwawo okweqile egazini nakho kuyingozi, ngoba kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwesifo sikashukela. Futhi, lapho kudliwa ushukela omkhulu, isisindo somzimba siqala ukwanda.

Uhlaka

Kungokwenombolo yama-monosaccharides futhi afana kakhulu noshukela. Kuboniswa ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sokutholwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuthambekela kudinga ukuthi i-fructose iguqulwa kuqala i-glucose.

Ngakho-ke, leli khompiyutha libhekwa njengel ephephile kubantu abanesifo sikashukela, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwalo akuholeli ekushintsheni okubukhali kwesamba loshukela egazini. Noma kunjalo, ngokuxilongwa okunjalo, ukuqaphela kusadingeka.

Le nto ingatholakala kumajikijolo nezithelo, futhi futhi noju. Imvamisa kuba lapho kuhlangene noshukela. Isakhiwo sibuye satholakala simhlophe. Ukunambitheka kumnandi, futhi lesi sici sikhulu kakhulu kunasoshukela.

Ezinye izinhlanganisela

Amanye amakhompiyutha e-monosaccharide akhona. Zingaba zemvelo nezinwele.

IGalactose ingeyokwemvelo. Iyatholakala nasekudleni, kepha ayiveli ngendlela yayo emsulwa. IGalactose ingumphumela we-hydrolysis ye-lactose. Umthombo wayo oyinhloko ubizwa ngokuthi ubisi.

Amanye ama-monosaccharides wemvelo i-ribose, i-deoxyribose ne-mannose.

Kukhona futhi izinhlobo zama-carbohydrate anjalo, ezisetshenziselwa kuwo ubuchwepheshe bezimboni.

Lezi zinto zitholakala futhi ekudleni futhi zingena emzimbeni womuntu:

• i-ramnose;
• erythrulose;
• ubambo;
• I-D-xylose;
• L-allose;
• I-D-sorbose, njll.

Ngayinye yalezi zihlanganisi ihlukaniswa izici zayo nemisebenzi.

Izikhiphi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo

Uhlobo olulandelayo lwamakhompiyutha e-carbohydrate yi-disaccharides. Zibhekwa njengezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Njengomphumela we-hydrolysis, kwakheka ama-molecule amabili e-monosaccharide kusuka kuwo.

Lolu hlobo lwe-carbohydrate lunezinto ezilandelayo:

• ubunzima
• i-solubility emanzini;
• ukungasebenzi kalula kwe-solubility kuma-alcohols ahlanganisiwe;
• ukunambitheka okumnandi;
• umbala - ukusuka omhlophe uye onsundu.

Izici eziyinhloko zamakhemikhali ama-disaccharides ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis (izibopho ze-glycosidic ziphukile futhi kwakhiwa ama-monosaccharides) bese kuthi kwakhiwe ama-polysaccharides).

Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zamakhompiyutha anjengalawa:

1. Ukubuyiselwa. Isici sabo ukuba khona kweqembu lamahhala le-semi-acetal hydroxyl. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto ezinjalo zinezindawo zokunciphisa impahla. Leli qembu lama-carbohydrate lifaka i-cellobiose, maltose ne-lactose.
2. Ayilungiswa. Lezi zingxube azikwazi ukuncishiswa, ngoba zingenalo iqembu le-acetal hydroxyl. Izinto ezaziwa kakhulu zalolu hlobo yi-sucrose ne-trehalose.

Lezi zingxubevange zigcwele emvelweni. Zitholakala zombili ngesimo samahhala futhi njengengxenye yamanye amakhompiyutha. Ama-Disaccharides angumthombo wamandla, ngoba kwakheka i-glucose kusuka kuwo ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis.

I-Lactose ibaluleke kakhulu ezinganeni, ngoba iyisakhi esiyinhloko sokudla kwezingane. Omunye umsebenzi wama-carbohydrate alolu hlobo ahlelekile, ngoba ayingxenye ye-cellulose, edingekayo ekwakheni amaseli ezitshalo.

Isici nezici zama-polysaccharides

Enye inhlobo yama-carbohydrate ama-polysaccharides. Lolu uhlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lokuxhuma. Ziqukethe inani elikhulu lama-monosaccharides (isakhi sawo esiyinhloko i-glucose). Egayilini lokugaya, ama-polysaccharides awagxiliwe - ukucwaswa kwawo kwenziwa kuqala.

Izici zalezi zinto zimi ngokulandelayo:

• ukuntuleka kwe-insolubility (noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-solubility) emanzini;
• umbala ophuzi (noma awukho umbala);
• abanalo iphunga;
• cishe zonke azinambitha (ezinye zinambitheka omnandi).

Izici zamakhemikhali zalezi zinto zihlanganisa i-hydrolysis, eyenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya lama-catalysts. Umphumela wokusabela ukuwohloka kwesakhiwo kube yizakhi zesakhiwo - ama-monosaccharides.

Enye impahla ukwakhiwa kokutholwa. Ama-polysaccharides angaphenduka ngama-asidi.

Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngalezi zinqubo ihluke kakhulu. Lawa ama-acetates, amasawoti, ama-esters, ama-phosphates, njll.

Izibonelo zama-polysaccharides:

• isitashi;
• cellulose;
• glycogen;
• chitin.

Ividiyo yokufundisa ngemisebenzi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwama-carbohydrate:

Lezi zinto zibalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphelele komzimba wonke namaseli ngawodwana. Banikezela umzimba ngamandla, babambe iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwamaseli, bavikele izitho zangaphakathi emonakalweni nasemiphumeleni emibi. Zibuye zidlale indima yendali yokugcina izinto ezidingwa izilwane nezitshalo uma kunesikhathi esinzima.