Ukuhlolwa kokuqala okunqunyelwe noma yisiphi isifo ukuhlolwa kwegazi nge-biochemical.
Ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela ehlonishwayo yokuxilonga kungabona izinqubo ze-pathological ukukhula emzimbeni.
Kusho ukuthini ukuhlolwa kwegazi nge-biochemical?
Ukwehlukaniswa phakathi kwenqubo yokwelapha ejwayelekile futhi ejwayelekile yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali. Izinga lokwelapha elijwayelekile lifaka ukucwaninga kwezinkomba eziyisisekelo zezakhi zegazi lomuntu, ezingadalula ukuphazamiseka okwenzeka enhliziyweni, emchanjeni, endocrine noma ezinhlelweni zokugaya ukudla, ukuba khona kokulimala kuzicubu zesibindi.
Izinkomba ezibalulekile zifaka:
- inani lamaprotheni;
- i-aspartate aminotransferase (AST);
- alanine aminotransferase (ALT);
- i-bilirubin eqondile nephelele;
- urea
- ushukela
- cholesterol;
- i-creatinine;
- ama-electrolyte.
Ekuhlaziyeni okuthuthukile, ama-enzyme angeziwe adingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukutholwa:
- amaprotheni asebenzayo;
- ama-globulins;
- ferritin;
- i-fructosamine;
- lipoproteins;
- amavithamini;
- ukulandelela izinto.
Izinkomba zomnikelo wegazi ovela kumthambo
Kuyafaneleka ukucacisa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-biochemistry futhi uchwepheshe uzobona isithombe esiphelele sesimo nokusebenza kwazo zonke izitho zangaphakathi nezinhlelo emzimbeni.
Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwe-biochemical lwenziwa kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:
- ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa konyaka;
- ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa;
- ukuqaphela ukusebenza kwekhambi;
- phambi kwezimpawu zokungasebenzi kahle kwezinye izitho zomzimba.
Ungalinikela kanjani igazi nge-biochemistry?
Ukuthola umphumela onokwethenjelwa, ngaphambi kokuthatha igazi kwe-biochemistry, kubalulekile ukugcina imithetho eminingana:
- ngaphambi kocwaningo kuyenqatshelwa ukudla, ukubhema;
- khipha ukusetshenziswa kwamaswidi, itiye elinamandla nekhofi ngosuku ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa;
- Akunconywa ukuthi uvakashele ukugeza ngosuku olungaphambi kokunikela ngegazi futhi uziveze ngokwandisa ukuzikhandla komzimba;
- ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa okuzayo, yeka iziphuzo ezidakayo nezinamakhabhoni;
- kungakapheli amasonto amabili ngaphambi kocwaningo, kungakuhle ukuthi uyeke ukuthatha inkimbinkimbi yamavithamini nezidakamizwa.
Banikela ngegazi ekuseni. Ukuqoqwa kwe-5 kuya ku-10 ml wegazi kuqhamuka kumthambo osendaweni yomgexo.
Amasampula egazi aqoqiwe ahanjiswa elabhoratri esitsheni esivaliwe, esivikelwe ukukhanya, ukuvikela ukubhujiswa kwe-bilirubin.
Uma kunesidingo sokuphinda uhlaziye, khona-ke udinga ukunikela ngegazi ngasikhathi sinye kanye nelabhorethri elifanayo nelokuqala.
Kuhlanganisani ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo?
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical kubonisa okuqukethwe kwenani lezakhi ezibalulekile zegazi:
- izinga loshukela - inkomba ye-carbohydrate metabolism efanelekile futhi kuya ngomsebenzi wohlelo lwe-endocrine;
- izivivinyo zesibindi zisungula ukuqina kwama-enzyme wesibindi oyinhloko. Ama-coefficients we-AST, ALT, GTP, phosphatase alkaline ne-bilirubin asiza ukunquma isimo kanye nezinga lokusebenza kwe-gland;
- Amaprotheni kanye nezingxenyana zawo anesibopho sokusatshalaliswa kwezakhi emzimbeni wonke futhi kuyabandakanyeka ekwenziweni kwamangqamuzana amasha nokugonywa
- i-urea, i-uric acid ne-creatinine, kwakheka esibindini ngenxa yokuwohloka kwamangqamuzana asetshenzisiwe, futhi kudalulwa uhlelo lokuchama;
- ama-lipids ne-cholesterol abamba iqhaza ekukhiqizweni kwe-bile, amahomoni nezicubu ezintsha, kunomthelela ekukhiqizweni kwamandla;
- i-potassium esegazini ikhombisa isimo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi;
- i-sodium ithinta ingcindezi ye-acidity ne-osmotic.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Decryption
Udokotela kuphela ongakwazi ukufunda kahle umphumela wokuhlaziywa, kucatshangelwa ubudala nobulili besiguli. Uchwepheshe uzobona izimpawu zokubonakaliswa kwalesi sifo ngesimo sokuphambuka okukhulu kuzinkomba ze-tabular.
Ungenza umbono ophelele wesimo sakho sempilo uma wazi izinga elivumelekile le-enzyme ngayinye.
Ukusebenza okujwayelekile
Kudalwe itafula equkethe uhlu lwamazinga wokuvumeleka avumelekile wezinto zegazi ngalinye kumasampula afundwayo.
Ukuqonda ukutadisha kwe-biochemistry yegazi, kuqhathaniswa izingxenye zamasampula egazi ngalinye nezinkomba zezimo ezisetshenziswayo.
Ithebula lokubala okujwayelekile kwegazi:
| Amakhemikhali egazi | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Izinkomba | Izingane | Abadala | |||||
| kuze kube yinyanga eyi-1 | kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-12 | 1-16 ubudala | amadoda | abesifazane | |||
Inani lamaprotheni (g / l) | 46-68 | 56-73 | 63-82 | 68-83 | |||
| I-Albumin (g / l) | 35-44 | 35-49 | 36-55 | 25-40 | |||
Aspartate aminotransferase AST (u / l) | 30-75 | 15-51 | Kufika kuma-47 | Kufika kuma-41 | |||
| Alanine aminotransferase ALT (amayunithi / l) | 13-60 | 12-60 | Kufika kuma-55 | Kufika kuma-43 | |||
I-alkaline phosphatase (iyunithi / l) | Kufika ku-180 | Kufika ku-650 | 35-130 | ||||
I-cholesterol (mmol / L) | 1,5-5 | 2,1-4,5 | 3,1-7,4 | 3 kuye ku-7 | |||
I-HDL (mmol / L) | 1-3,9 | Ngaphezu kwe-1,2 | Bangaphezu kuka-1,5 | ||||
| I-LDL (mmol / L) | 2,6-4,5 | 2,5-4,7 | Ngaphansi kuka-3 | ||||
IGlucose (mmol / L) | 2,7-4,6 | 3,4-7,2 | 3,5-7,3 | ||||
| I-bilirubin eqondile (μmol / L) | 4-13,7 | 0,8-4,3 | 0,3-4,2 | ||||
Ingqikithi ye-bilirubin (μmol / L) | 10-51 | 4,5-22,5 | 3-17,5 | ||||
| I-Folic Acid (ng / ml) | 3,27 | 3-17,5 | |||||
Vitamin B 12 (ng / L) | 161-1300 | 182-910 | |||||
I-Iron (μmol / L) | 9,6-43 | 5,3-15 | 9,3-30 | 12,6-32 | 8,8-31,4 | ||
I-Potassium (mmol / L) | 3,7-7,5 | 3-6,6 | 2,9-6,4 | 2,4-6,5 | |||
| I-Sodium (mmol / L) | 126-156 | 122-150 | 132-165 | 126-145 | |||
Iphosphorus (mmol / L) | 1,1-3,9 | 1,3-2,8 | 1-2,7 | 0,88-1,53 | |||
| I-calcium (mmol / L) | 0,92-1,26 | 1,04-2,2 | 2,24-3,5 | ||||
I-Magnesium (mmol / L) | 0,67-2,75 | 0,7-2,3 | 0,6-1,14 | ||||
| I-Creatinine (μmol / L) | 35-130 | 57-125 | 45-87 | ||||
I-Urea (mmol / L) | 1,5-6,4 | 3,4-7,5 | 2,4-8,2 | 2,19-6,49 | |||
I-Uric Acid (μmol / L) | 0,15-0,45 | 0,23-0,36 | 0,2-0,43 | 210-319 | 146-349 | ||
Kusho ukuthini ukuphambuka kuzinkomba?
Noma yikuphi ukushintshwa kwenombolo yezakhi ezibalulekile zegazi ekuqondeni kokukhuphuka noma ukuncipha kuwuphawu olwesabekayo lokuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwe-pathologies yezitho zangaphakathi.
Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-urea kungasho:
- ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pathology yezinso;
- i-pyelonephritis eyingozi noma isigaba esingelapheki;
- isifo sofuba sezinso;
- ukudakwa ngezinto ezinobuthi.
Izinga eliphansi lale ngxenye livela lapho:
- ukwehluleka kwesibindi;
- ukwanda kokuchama;
- ukudla okuphansi kwekhalori;
- ngemuva kokumunca ushukela;
- inqubo ephazamisayo ye-metabolic.
I-asidi ye-uric ikhuphuka ngenxa yezizathu:
- ukuntuleka kwevithamini B 12;
- ubuthi begesi;
- isifo sikashukela mellitus;
- nge-leukemia;
- izifo ezibangelwa izifo;
- umsebenzi wesibindi okhubazekile.
I-Creatinine iyanda ngenxa ye:
- ukwehluleka kwezinso okulimazayo noma okungamahlalakhona;
- ukuvinjwa kwamathumbu;
- ukulimala okushisa esikhunjeni;
- isifo sikashukela
- hyperteriosis.
Ukwehla kwenqwaba yamaprotheni ephelele kukhombisa izinkinga ezinjalo:
- ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwama-glucocorticosteroids;
- imifino
- ukulimala okushisa esikhunjeni;
- ukuqina kwesibindi;
- ukwanda kokuchama;
- ukulahleka kwegazi
- i-colitis, i-pancreatitis;
- i-oncology.
Ukwanda kwamazinga wamaprotheni kubhekwa ngokuthuthukiswa kokuvuvukala noma ukuphuma komzimba.
Ukugcotshwa okuphezulu koshukela egazini kuyacasula:
- isifo sikashukela
- isimila se-adrenal cortex ne-pituitary gland;
- ukuvuvukala noma ukulimala kobuchopho;
- ubuthi begesi;
- isithuthwane.
Ukwehla kwesifo sikashukela:
- ukweqisa kwe-insulin;
- ukudla kwendlala;
- isifo sesibindi esingamahlalakhona;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwe-encephalitis, meningitis;
- i-enteritis, i-colitis.
Ukugxumela kuzinkomba ze-ALT ne-AST kwenzeka ngokumelene nesizinda se:
- isifo senhliziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga le-ALT lizoba ngaphezulu;
- ukudakwa kwesibindi;
- isigaba esibi se-hepatitis. Khuphula izinga le-AST;
- i-oncology yesibindi.
Izinga le-alkaline phosphatase lenyuka njengomphumela:
- ukudakwa kwesibindi;
- i-hepatitis yama-etiologies ahlukahlukene;
- ukuhlanganiswa kwethambo ngemuva kokuphuka;
- ukusakazwa kwama-metastases amathambo;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwamathambo.
Umugqa ophakeme we-bilirubin ephelele uhambisana nokuphuzi kwesikhumba futhi ukhombisa ubukhona be-cirrhosis yesibindi, amathumba amabi, ukudakwa.
Futhi kuwuphawu lwesifo se-gallstone kanye ne-hepatitis.
Ukukhula kwe-bilirubin eqondile kusho ukukhula kwe-cholecystitis, i-hepatitis eyingozi, kanye nesifo esithathelanayo sesibindi.
Amazinga we-GGT akhuphuka ngobuthi be-ethanol, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela kanye ne-mononucleosis ethelelekayo.
Okuqukethwe okwandisiwe komhlanganyeli obalulekile we-fat metabolism njengoba kusho i-cholesterol:
- isifo sikashukela
- i-pathology ye-gallbladder;
- umfutho wegazi ophakeme;
- isifo senhliziyo
- isikhathi sokukhulelwa;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pancreatitis;
- isimila sendlala yesinye.
I-cholesterol ephansi yenzeka phambi kwezifo ezifana:
- ukuqina kwesibindi;
- i-oncology;
- izifo zamaphaphu
- isifo samathambo;
- ukudla okuphansi kwekhalori.
Izimbangela zoshintsho izinkomba zezinto zokulandela umkhondo egazini:
- ukwehluleka kwesibindi okukhulu kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kuholela ekwandeni kwe-potassium. Ukuwa kungenxa yesifo sezinso kanye nokwanda kokulahleka kukamanzi okuvela emzimbeni;
- isilinganiso sensimbi ephansi - isibonakaliso mayelana nokopha kanye nokuba khona kwesimila. Inkomba ephezulu yensimbi isho i-leukemia noma i-sickle cell anemia. Kungenzeka ngemuva kokudla ngokweqile kwezidakamizwa eziqukethe i-iron;
- izizathu zokwanda kwe-calcium okuqukethwe ku-oncology yezicubu zamathambo, inani elinyukayo le-vithamini D nokuphelelwa ngumzimba. Umsebenzi onganele wezinso ne-yegilo gland ihambisana nokwehla kwamazinga e-calcium;
- imifino ibanga ukugcwala ngokweqile kwe-folic acid;
- ukungondleki okungenakulinganiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala kuholela ekuphepheni kwale vithamini.
Izinto zevidiyo ezimayelana nokuhlelwa kohlolo lwegazi olunamakhemikhali:
Ukuhlolwa kwegazi ezinganeni kufaka izingxenye ezifanayo njengakwabadala, kwehluka kuphela ezinkambisweni zezinkomba. Kodwa kufanelekile ukubheka ukuthi izinguquko ze-hormonal kanye nokukhula okusebenzayo kwengane kuvame ukudala izinguquko ezingeni lama-enzymes ngaphandle kokubakhona kwe-pathologies ezithweni zezitho zomzimba. Ngobudala, ukuphambuka okunjalo kungaba yinto evamile.
Ngakho-ke, udokotela kufanele enze isiphetho mayelana nokuba khona kwalesi sifo, esezijwayeze izimpawu nemiphumela yolunye ucwaningo.
