Isifo sikashukela kanye ne-insulin. Ukwelashwa kwe-insulini sikashukela

Uma ufuna (noma ungafuni, kepha impilo ikwenza) qala ukwelapha ushukela wakho nge-insulin, kufanele ufunde okuningi ngakho ukuze uthole umphumela oyifunayo. Imijovo ye-Insulin iyithuluzi elihle, elihlukile lokulawula isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 nohlobo 2, kodwa kuphela uma usiphatha lesi sidakamizwa ngenhlonipho efanele. Uma isiguli sigqugquzelwa futhi siyalwa, khona-ke i-insulin izokusiza ulondoloze ushukela wegazi ojwayelekile, gwema izinkinga futhi ungaphili okubi kunontanga yakho ngaphandle kwesifo sikashukela.

Kuzo zonke iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1, kanye nezinye iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, imijovo ye-insulin iyadingeka ngokuphelele ukuze kulondolozwe ushukela wegazi ojwayelekile nokugwema ubunzima. Iningi labanesifo sikashukela, lapho udokotela ebatshela ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuba belashwe nge-insulin, bamelane ngamandla abo onke. Odokotela, njengomthetho, abaphoqeleli kakhulu, ngoba vele banezinkinga ezanele. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinkinga zesifo sikashukela eziholela ekukhubazekeni kanye / noma ekufeni kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ziye zaba yubhubhane ngokubanzi.

Ungayiphatha kanjani imijovo ye-insulin kushukela

Kuyadingeka ukuphatha imijovo ye-insulin kushukela hhayi njengesithuko, kodwa njengesipho sezulu. Ikakhulu ngemuva kokuyazi kahle inqubo yemijovo engenampilo ye-insulin. Okokuqala, le mijovo iyonga kusuka ezinkingeni, yelula impilo yesiguli esinesifo sikashukela futhi ithuthukise ikhwalithi yayo. Okwesibili, imijovo ye-insulin inciphisa umthwalo kuma-pancreas futhi ngaleyo ndlela iholele ekubuyiselweni okuyingxenye kwamaseli ayo e-beta. Lokhu kusebenza ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, ezisebenzisa ngenkuthalo uhlelo lokwelashwa futhi zinamathela kulolo hlobo. Kungenzeka futhi ukubuyisela amaseli we-beta ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1, uma usanda kutholwa futhi ngokushesha waqala ukuphathwa kahle nge-insulin. Funda kabanzi ku-athikili "Uhlelo lokwelashwa ngempumelelo kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2" kanye ne-"Honeymoon yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1: ukuthi singasilula kanjani iminyaka eminingi".

Uzothola ukuthi izincomo zethu eziningi zokulawula ushukela wegazi ngemijovo ye-insulin ziphikisana nalokho okwamukelwa ngokuvamile. Izindaba ezimnandi ukuthi awudingi ukuthatha noma yini okholweni. Uma unemitha ye-glucose enembile (qiniseka ngalokhu), izokhombisa ngokushesha ukuthi izeluleko zikabani ezisiza ekwelapheni isifo sikashukela nokuthi ngubani ongalungeni.

Iziphi izinhlobo ze-insulin?

Kunezinhlobo eziningi namagama e-insulin kashukela emakethe yezokwelapha namuhla, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzoba nokunye okuningi. I-insulin ihlukaniswe ngokuya ngenkomba eyinhloko - isikhathi eside kwehlisa ushukela wegazi ngemuva komjovo. Izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-insulin ziyatholakala:

• i-ultrashort - yenza ngokushesha okukhulu;
• amafushane - ahamba kancane futhi abushelelezi kunamfishane;
• ubude besikhathi besenzo (“medium”);
• osebenza isikhathi eside (enwetshiwe).

Ngo-1978, ososayensi baba ngabokuqala ukusebenzisa izindlela zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo “ukuphoqa” i-Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ukukhiqiza i-insulin yomuntu. Ngo-1982, inkampani yaseMelika iGenentech yaqala ukuthengiswa okuningi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, i-insulin ye-bovine ne-ingulube yayisetshenziswa. Bahlukile kwesabantu, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuvame ukubangela ukungezwani komzimba. Kuze kube manje, i-insulin yezilwane ayisasebenzi. Isifo sikashukela selashwa kakhulu ngemijovo ye-insulin eyenziwe ngabantu ngofuzo.

Isici samalungiselelo we-insulin

Kusukela ngonyaka we-2000s, izinhlobo ezintsha ezandisiwe ze-insulin (i-Lantus ne-Glargin) zaqala ukufaka indawo ephakathi nendawo i-NPH-insulin (protafan). Izinhlobo ezintsha ezandisiwe ze-insulin azizona nje i-insulin yomuntu, kodwa izifaniso zayo, okungukuthi, eziguquliwe, ezithuthukisiwe, uma ziqhathaniswa ne-insulin yangempela yabantu. I-Lantus ne-Glargin ihlala isikhathi eside futhi ibushelelezi, futhi mancane amathuba okubangelwa yi-allergies.

Isikhathi eside-isenzo se-insulin analogue - bahlala isikhathi eside, abanamakhaba, balondoloze ukuqina kwe-insulin egazini

Kungenzeka ukuthi ukufaka esikhundleni se-NPH-insulin ngeLantus noma i-Levemir njengoba ne-insulin yakho eyeluliwe kuzothuthukisa imiphumela yakho yokwelashwa sikashukela. Xoxa nodokotela wakho ngalokhu. Ngemininingwane engaphezulu, funda isihloko esithi “I-insulin Lantus ne-Glargin eyengeziwe. I-Medium NPH-Insulin Protafan. "

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, kwavela ama-analogia e-insulin Humalog, uNovoRapid ne-Apidra. Bancintisana ne-insulin efushane yomuntu. Ama-insulin angena nge-Ultra-iDemo-insulin aqala ukwehlisa ushukela wegazi kungakapheli imizuzu emi-5 ngemuva komjovo. Benza ngokuqinile, kepha hhayi isikhathi eside, hhayi amahora angaphezu kwama-3. Ake siqhathanise amaphrofayli wesenzo se-analogue ye-Ultra-iDemo-efushane ne-insulin emfushane yomuntu "osesithombeni.

Ama-insulin ama-insulin angena ngokufushane anamandla futhi ashesha ngokushesha. I-insulin "emfishane" yomuntu iqala ukwehlisa ushukela wegazi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ihlale isikhathi eside

Funda i-athikili "Ultrashort insulin Humalog, NovoRapid ne-Apidra." I-insulin emfishane yabantu. "

Ukunaka! Uma ulandela ukudla okune-carbohydrate ephansi yohlobo 1 noma isifo sikashukela 2, khona-ke i-insulin efakwa kubantu esifushane ingcono kune-insulin analogue ye-insulin.

Kungenzeka yini ukwenqaba imijovo ye-insulin ngemuva kokuba isiqalile?

Iziguli eziningi ezinesifo sikashukela ziyasaba ukuqala ukwelashwa ngemijovo ye-insulin, ngoba uma uqala, lapho-ke ngeke weqe i-insulin. Kungaphendulwa ukuthi kungcono ukujova i-insulin futhi uphile ngendlela evamile kunokuhola ubukhona bomuntu okhubazekile ngenxa yezinkinga zesifo sikashukela. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, uma uqala ukwelashwa ngemijovo ye-insulin ngesikhathi, khona-ke ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, ithuba lenyuka ukuthi kuzokwazi ukubashiya ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene zamaseli kuma-pancreas. Amaseli weBeta yilawo akhiqiza i-insulin. Bafa kakhulu uma kufanele basebenze ngomthwalo owandayo. Babulawa nangubuthi beglucose, isb., Ushukela wegazi ophakeme ngokungamahlalakhona. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ezigabeni zokuqala zohlobo 1 sikashukela sohlobo 2, amanye amangqamuzana e-beta aseshonile, amanye abuthaka futhi asezokufa, futhi ambalwa awo asasebenza ngokujwayelekile.

Ngakho-ke, imijovo ye-insulin yehlisa umthwalo kusuka kumaseli we-beta. Ungalungisa noshukela wakho ojwayelekile ngokudla okune-carb ephansi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, amangqamuzana akho amaningi e-beta azosinda futhi aqhubeke nokukhiqiza i-insulin. Amathuba walokhu aphezulu uma uqala uhlelo lokwelapha isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 noma uhlelo lwe-1 yesifo sikashukela ngesikhathi, ezigabeni zokuqala.

Ngohlobo 1 sikashukela, ngemuva kokuqala kokwelashwa, kuba khona isikhathi esithi “i-honeymoon” lapho isidingo se-insulin sehla cishe sifinyelela ku-zero. Funda ukuthi kuyini. Ibuye ichaze nokuthi ingayandiswa kanjani iminyaka eminingi, noma impilo yonke. Ngohlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela, amathuba wokuyeka imijovo ye-insulin angama-90%, uma ufunda ukuzivocavoca ngentokozo, futhi uzokwenza njalo. Yebo, kunjalo, udinga ukulandela ngokuqinile ekudleni okuphansi kwe-carbohydrate.

Isiphetho Uma kunobufakazi, khona-ke udinga ukuqala ukwelapha isifo sikashukela ngemijovo ye-insulin ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokubambezela isikhathi. Lokhu kwandisa ithuba lokuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana kuzokwazi ukwenqaba imijovo ye-insulin. Kuzwakala kuyindida, kodwa kunjalo. Yazi inqubo yemijovo engenampilo ye-insulin. Landela uhlelo lohlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela noma uhlobo lwe-1 sikashukela. Landela ngokuqinile irejimeni, ungaphumuli. Noma ungakwazi ukwenqaba ngokuphelele imijovo, noma kunjalo, ungaphatha ngemithamo emincane ye-insulin.

Kuyini ukuhlushwa kwe-insulin?

Umsebenzi we-biological kanye nemithamo ye-insulin ilinganiswa emayunithi (UNITS). Kwimithamo emincane, amayunithi ama-2 e-insulin kufanele anciphise ushukela wegazi cishe izikhathi ezi-2 ezinamandla kuneyunithi elilodwa. Kuma-syncinge we-insulin, isikali sakha amayunithi. Ama-syringe amaningi anesinyathelo esikali se-PIECES engu-1-2 ngakho-ke awavumeli ngokunembile imithamo emincane ye-insulin ukuthi iqoqwe kusuka kwi-vial. Le yinkinga enkulu uma udinga ukufaka imithamo ye-0.5 UNITS ye-insulin noma ngaphansi. Izinketho zesisombululo sazo zichazwe endabeni ethi "Insulin Syringes and Syringe Pens". Funda nokuthi ungahluza kanjani i-insulin.

Iqoqo le-insulin ulwazi mayelana nokuthi ingakanani i-UNITS equkethwe ku-1 ml yesisombululo ebhodleleni noma ebhokisini. I-insulin esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-U-100, i.e. 100 IU ye-insulin ku-1 ml koketshezi. Futhi kutholakala i-insulin ekuqoqweni kwe-U-40. Uma une-insulin ene-U-100, bese usebenzisa amasirinji enzelwe insulin kulolo hlaka. Kubhaliwe emaphaketheni wesirinji ngayinye. Isibonelo, i-syringe ye-insulin U-100 enesilinganiso esingu-0,3 ml ibamba ama-PIECES angama-30 we-insulin, nesirinji enomthamo we-1 ml inama-PIECES angama-100 we-insulin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-1 ml syringes yiyona evame kakhulu emakhemisi. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ubani odinga umthamo obulalayo we-100 PIECES of insulin ngaso leso sikhathi.

Kunezimo lapho isiguli esinesifo sikashukela sine-insulin U-40, futhi nesirinji kuphela i-U-100. Ukuthola inani elifanele le-UNITS le-insulin ngomjovo, kuleli cala udinga ukudonsa isixazululo esingaphezu kwezingu-22 syringe. Ngokusobala, kunethuba eliphezulu kakhulu lokwenza iphutha nokujova umthamo ongafanele we-insulin. Kuzoba nokwenyuka ushukela wegazi noma i-hypoglycemia enkudlwana. Ngakho-ke, izimo ezinjalo zivinjelwa kangcono. Uma une-insulin engu-U-40, zama ukuthola amasirinji angama-U-40 ngayo.

Ngabe izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-insulin zinamandla afanayo?

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-insulin ziyehluka phakathi kwazo ngejubane lokuqalwa nesikhathi sokusebenza, namandla - akukhona nhlobo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iyunithi eli-1 lezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-insulin lizonciphisa ngokulinganayo ushukela wegazi esigulini esinesifo sikashukela. Okuhlukile kulo mthetho izinhlobo ze-insulin. I-Humalog icishe ibe ngu-2,5 izikhathi ezinamandla kunezinhlobo ezimfushane ze-insulin, kanti iNovoRapid ne-Apidra zinamandla izikhathi ezingama-1.5. Ngakho-ke, imithamo ye-ultrashort analogues kufanele ibe ngaphansi kakhulu kunomthamo olinganayo we-insulin emfushane. Lona imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu yeziguli ezinesifo sikashukela, kepha ngasizathu simbe asigxile kuso.

Imithetho Yokulondolozwa Kwe-Insulin

Uma ugcina i-vial evaliwe noma i-cartridge ene-insulin esiqandisini ekushiseni kwe + 2-8 ° C, khona-ke izogcina wonke umsebenzi wayo kuze kube usuku lokuphela oluphrintiwe ephaketheni. Izici ze-insulin zingonakala uma zigcinwa ekushiseni kwegumbi isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-30-60.

Ngemuva kokufakwa komthamo wokuqala wephakethe likaLantus elisha, kufanele ulisebenzise wonke ezinsukwini ezingama-30, ngoba i-insulin izolahlekelwa yingxenye yomsebenzi wayo. I-Levemir ingagcinwa cishe izikhathi ezi-2 isikhathi eside ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kokuqala. Ama-insulin amafayili wesikhathi esifushane naphakathi, kanye neHumalog neNovoRapid, angagcinwa endaweni yokushisa yasekamelweni kuze kufike unyaka owodwa. I-Apidra insulin (glulisin) igcinwe kahle esiqandisini.

Uma i-insulin ilahlekelwe eminye yemisebenzi yayo, lokhu kuzoholela kushukela ophezulu wegazi ongachazeki esigulini sikashukela. Kulokhu, i-insulin ebonakalayo ingaba namafu, kepha ingahlala icace. Uma i-insulin iba okungenani ngamafu amancane, kusho ukuthi nakanjani ihlile, futhi awukwazi ukuyisebenzisa. I-NPH-insulin (protafan) esesimweni esejwayelekile ayibonakali, ngakho-ke kunzima ngokwengeziwe ukubhekana nayo. Bhekisisa ukuthi ngabe uyishintshe yini indlela abukeka ngayo. Kunoma ikuphi, uma i-insulin ibukeka ijwayelekile, khona-ke lokhu akusho ukuthi ayikonakali.

Okudingayo ukubheka ukuthi ushukela wegazi ugcina ukuphakama ngokungenakuqhamuka izinsuku eziningana zilandelana:

• Ukwephulile ukudla? Ingabe ama-carbohydrate afihlekile angenele ekudleni kwakho? Ngabe udle kakhulu?
• Mhlawumbe unegciwane emzimbeni wakho elisafihliwe? Funda "Ushukela wegazi ngenxa yezifo ezithathelanayo."
• Ngabe i-insulin yakho iphangiwe? Lokhu kungenzeka ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa amasirinji kaningi. Ngeke ukubone lokhu ngokubonakala kwe-insulin. Ngakho-ke, vele uzame ukuqala ngokujova i-insulin “entsha”. Funda ngokusebenzisa futhi amasirinji we-insulin.

Gcina izimpahla ezinde zesikhathi eside se-insulin esiqandisini, eshalofini elisemnyango, emazingeni okushisa +2-8 ° C. Ungalokothi ubambe i-insulin! Ngisho nangemva kokuncibilika, yayivele icekeceke. I-insulin vial noma i-cartridge oyisebenzisayo njengamanje ingagcinwa emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni. Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-insulin, ngaphandle kukaLantus, Levemir ne-Apidra, ezigcinwa kahle esiqandisini ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ungayigcini i-insulin emotweni evaliwe, engase igcwale ngisho nasebusika, noma ebhokisini lamagilavu ​​emoto. Ungakuvezi ukuqondisa ukukhanya kwelanga. Uma izinga lokushisa lasekamelweni lifinyelela ku-+ 29 ° C nangaphezulu, bese udlulisela yonke i-insulin yakho esiqandisini. Uma i-insulin iveziwe ekushiseni kwe- + 37 ° C noma ngaphezulu kosuku olungu-1 noma ngaphezulu, khona-ke kufanele ilahlwe. Ikakhulu, uma kushisa kakhulu emotweni ekhiyiwe. Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, akufanelekile ukuphatha ibhodlela noma ipeni nge-insulin eduze komzimba, ngokwesibonelo, ephaketheni lehembe.

Siyakuxwayisa futhi: kungcono ukungasebenzisi futhi amasirinji ukuze ungaphangi i-insulin.

Isikhathi se-insulin

Udinga ukwazi ngokusobala ukuthi isikhathi esingakanani ngemuva komjovo, i-insulin iqala ukusebenza, nokuthi isenzo sawo siphela nini. Lolu lwazi luphrintiwe emiyalweni. Kepha uma ulandela ukudla okune-carbohydrate ephansi bese ufaka imithamo emincane ye-insulin, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi akulona iqiniso. Ngoba ulwazi oluhlinzekwa ngumenzi lususelwa kumithamo ye-insulin edlula kude leyo edingwa yisifo sikashukela ekudleni okune-carbohydrate ephansi.

Ukuphakamisa ekuqaleni kokwelashwa kwabanesifo sikashukela ngemijovo ye-insulin isikhathi esingakanani ngemuva komjovo, i-insulin iqala ukusebenza, funda etafuleni elithi “Characterization of insulin amalungiselelo”, elinikezwe ngenhla kule ndatshana. Kususelwa kwimininingwane evela kuDkt Bernstein yokwenza okuningi. Imininingwane equkethwe kuleli thebulethi, udinga ukuzicacisela mathupha usebenzisa izilinganiso ezijwayelekile zoshukela wegazi nge-glucometer.

Imithamo emikhulu ye-insulin iqala ukusebenza ngokushesha okuncane kunalokho okuncane, futhi umphumela wayo uhlala isikhathi eside. Futhi, isikhathi se-insulin sehlukile kubantu abahlukile. Isenzo somjovo sizoshesha kakhulu uma wenza izivivinyo zomzimba zangxenye yomzimba lapho ungene khona i-insulin. Le nuance kumele ibhekwe uma nje ungafuni ukusheshisa isenzo se-insulin. Isibonelo, ungafaki i-insulin eyengeziwe esandleni sakho ngaphambi kokuya ejimini, lapho uzophakamisa khona ibha ngesandla. Ukusuka esiswini, i-insulin ngokuvamile imunwa ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi nanganoma yikuphi ukuzivocavoca, ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ukuqapha imiphumela yokwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela

Uma unesifo sikashukela esinzima kangangokuba udinga ukwenza imijovo ye-insulin ngokushesha ngaphambi kokudla, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uqhubeke nokuzihlola ushukela wegazi ngokuphelele. Uma udinga imijovo eyanele ye-insulin eyandisiwe ebusuku kanye / noma ekuseni, ngaphandle kokujova i-insulin ngokushesha ngaphambi kokudla, ukukala isinxephezelo sikashukela, lapho-ke udinga ukukala ushukela wakho ekuseni ngesisu esingenalutho nakusihlwa ngaphambi kokulala. Kodwa-ke, yenza inani eliphelele lokulawula ushukela wegazi ngosuku olu-1 ngesonto, futhi okungenani izinsuku ezi-2 njalo ngeviki. Uma kuvela ukuthi ushukela wakho uhlala okungenani u-0,6 mmol / L ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwamanani okuhlosiwe, khona-ke udinga ukubonana nodokotela futhi ushintshe okuthile.

Qiniseka ukukala ushukela wakho ngaphambi kokuqala ukuzivocavoca, ekugcineni, nangekhefu lehora eli-1 amahora amaningi ngemuva kokuba usuqedile ukuzivocavoca. By the way, funda isu lethu elihlukile lokuthi ungakujabulela kanjani ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba kushukela. Sichaza nezindlela zokuvimbela i-hypoglycemia ngesikhathi semfundo yezokwelapha yeziguli ezinesifo sikashukela esincike ku-insulin.

Uma unesifo esithathelwanayo, khona-ke izinsuku zonke ngenkathi welashwa, zenzele ukuzithiba ushukela wegazi futhi usheshe usheshe ushukela omningi ngemijovo ye-insulin esheshayo. Zonke iziguli ezinoshukela ezithola imijovo ye-insulin kudingeka ukuthi zihlole ushukela wazo ngaphambi kokushayela, bese kuthi njalo ngehora lapho zishayela. Lapho ushayela imishini engaba yingozi - into efanayo. Uma uya e-scuba diving, bese uqhamuka njalo ngemizuzu engama-20 ukuhlola ushukela wakho.

Ukuthi isimo sezulu sithinta kanjani isidingo se-insulin

Lapho ubusika obubandayo buba nesimo sezulu esifudumele, abanesifo sikashukela abaningi ngokuzumayo bathola ukuthi isidingo sabo se-insulin sehla kakhulu. Lokhu kunganqunywa ngoba imitha ikhombisa ushukela wegazi ophansi kakhulu. Ebantwini abanjalo, isidingo se-insulin siyancipha ngenkathi efudumele futhi siyanda ebusika. Izimbangela zalesi simo azikaziwa ngqo. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lesimo sezulu esifudumele, imithambo yegazi esetshenziswayo iphumula kangcono futhi ukulethwa kwegazi, ushukela kanye ne-insulin kwezicubu ezithambile kuyathuthuka.

Isiphetho ukuthi udinga ukubhekisisa ushukela wegazi lakho lapho lifudumala ngaphandle ukuze i-hypoglycemia ingenzeki. Uma ushukela wehla kakhulu, zizwe ukhululekile ukwehlisa umthamo wakho we-insulin. Kwisifo sikashukela nabo abane-lupus erythematosus, konke kungenzeka ngenye indlela. Uma isimo sezulu sifudumele, bayanda isidingo se-insulin.

Lapho isiguli esinesifo sikashukela siqala ukwelashwa ngemijovo ye-insulin, yena uqobo, kanye namalungu omndeni wakhe, abangane kanye nozakwabo kufanele bazi izimpawu ze-hypoglycemia nokuthi bangamsiza kanjani uma ehlaselwa kanzima. Bonke abantu ophila nabo futhi usebenze nabo, ake sifunde ikhasi lethu mayelana ne-hypoglycemia. Kucacisiwe futhi kubhalwe ngolimi olucacile.

Ukwelashwa kwe-insulin ngesifo sikashukela: iziphetho

Le ndatshana inikezela ngemininingwane eyisisekelo ukuthi zonke iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 noma uhlobo 2 ezithola imijovo ye-insulin kudingeka zazi. Into esemqoka ukuthi ufunde ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-insulin ezikhona, yiziphi izici ezinazo, kanye nemithetho yokugcina i-insulin ukuze ingonakalisi. Ngincoma kakhulu ukuthi ufunde ngokucophelela zonke izindatshana ezikwi-“Insulin ekwelapheni uhlobo 1 nohlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela” uma ufuna ukuthola isinxephezelo sikashukela sakho. Futhi-ke, landela ngokucophelela ekudleni okuphansi kwe-carbohydrate. Funda ukuthi iyini indlela yomthwalo wokukhanya. Yisebenzise ukugcina ushukela wegazi ozinzile futhi uthole ngemithamo emincane ye-insulin.