I-Atherossteosis ingukuphazamiseka kwemvelo, okuhambisana nokwakhiwa kwama-cholesterol deposits ebusweni bangaphakathi bezindonga zemikhumbi ye-arterial system yojikelezo lwegazi. Ehlelweni lokuqhubeka, ukwanda kwezicubu ezixhunyiwe kanye nokwakhiwa kwezigcawu ze-atherosulinotic kwenzeka.
Njengomphumela wenqubo ye-pathological, i-lumen yemikhumbi iyachichima, okuholela ekunikezelweni kwegazi okungalungisiwe kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba. Umphumela wokwephulwa okunjalo ukuvela kokubulawa kwamangqamuzana, omoya kanye nendlala ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezakhi zomzimba.
Lesi sifo, ngokuhambisana nezibalo ezikhona zezokwelapha, ngesinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu. Mayelana nokufa kwabantu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokukhubazeka, lesi sifo singumholi phakathi kwezinye izifo.
Emhlabebeni wanamuhla, ukugula sekuyekile ukuba yisifo esithinta imizimba yabantu asebekhulile, lesi sifo sesiqale ukuthinta nezitho zabantu abasebancane nabadala.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-atherosclerosis yi-etiology
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-atherosclerosis ziyahlukaniswa, lesi sifo sihlukaniswa ngokuya nge-etiology nendawo yokuthola inqubo yendawo.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ze-atherosclerosis ngokuya ngemvelaphi kwahlongozwa yi-WHO futhi kwasekelwa ngochwepheshe basekhaya emkhakheni wezinhliziyo, odokotela abahlinzayo bamathambo nodokotela abasebenza ngokuqina kwezinzwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifo sihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana kuye ngezimbangela, inkambo kanye nezigaba zokuthuthuka.
Ngokuya nge-etiology, i-pathology ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo eziningana ze-hemodynamic, metabolic, ezixubekile.
Ifomu le-hemodynamic likhula ngenxa yokwanda kwengcindezi yegazi. Ingozi enkulu yama-cholesterol deposits ivela ngale ndlela yokuphazamiseka ezindaweni zokuhlanganiswa kwamagatsha asemithanjeni yempi. Ezindaweni zamagatsha, ungqimba olungaphezulu komhlaba lwe-endothelium luyonakaliswa ngaphansi kwethonya lokucindezela kwe-hemodynamic.
Ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezonakalisayo, ulwelwesi lwemithambo luthola ukwanda kokuvunyelwa kwama-lipoprotein aphansi futhi aphansi kakhulu.
Ukwanda kwesibalo sokutholakala kwe-intima kuholela ekutheni kuqhubeke ukubekwa ngaphezulu kwe-cholesterol kule ndawo nokwakhiwa kwe-plaque.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izizathu zokwakhiwa kwalolu hlobo lwe-atherosclerosis yilezi:
- ukuthuthukiswa kwe-thrombosis;
- imithambo ye-varicose;
- thrombophlebitis.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbangela yokuthuthukisa lesi sifo ukwenzeka kaningi kwama-spasms emithambo yemisipha ebushelelezi.
Indlela ye-metabolic ye-pathology ibizwa ngokuthi yi-alimentary. Lokhu kwehluka kwenzeka ngenxa yokuvela kokuhluleka kwe-carbohydrate kanye nama-metabolism wamafutha. I-pathology enjalo iba nokudla okungalinganiseli noma ngokuntuleka kwezakhi zamaminerali ekudleni okuqediwe. I-atherossteosis ecasulwe ukwenzeka kwezifo ze-autoimmune, njengokukhula komsebenzi wamaseli we-thyroid, i-mellitus yesifo sikashukela, noma ukuncipha kokukhiqizwa kwama-hormone ocansi, kungokwalolu hlobo lwalesi sifo.
Ifomu elixubekile lalesi sifo livela esimweni sokuvezwa komzimba we-hemodynamic kanye ne-metabolic factor.
Ukwakheka kwezigaba zegazi ku-lumen yemithambo yegazi kuholela ekubonakaleni kokungasebenzi kahle kokujikeleza kwegazi, okubuye kubangele ukungasebenzi kahle ezinqubweni ze-metabolic. I-Hyperlipidemia iba emzimbeni wesiguli.
Ukwephulwa kwe-carbohydrate kanye ne-fat metabolism kuholela ekwandeni kwegazi, okucunula ukwakheka kwezigaba zegazi emithanjeni.
Ehlelweni lokuqhubekela phambili kwe-pathology, ukwakheka kwama-deposits wamafutha ngesimo imivimbo kanye namabala kubonwa ezindongeni zemithambo yegazi.
Kulesi sigaba sokuqhubeka kwesifo, lesi sifo selapheka kalula uma sitholakala ngendlela yesikhathi esifanele futhi kunikezwa ukwelashwa okufanele.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-atherosclerosis kuya ngokuthi kwasekhaya
Ngokuya ngokwasendaweni yenqubo ye-pathological, abacwaningi bahlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana zesifo.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwalesi sifo lunezimpawu zalo ezithile ngenxa yokuqhamuka nezinkinga ezibuye zibe khona.
Izinga lokuthuthuka kwezinkinga ezihlangene lincike endaweni yasekhaya.
Noma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kwe-atherosclerotic kuyinkimbinkimbi ye-pathology, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ukungahambi kahle kunzima ukukuthola ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokukhula kwayo.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-atherosclerosis zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngendawo ye-patprocess:
- i-coronary - izilonda zitholakala odongeni lwesistimu ye-vascular eyondla izicubu zenhliziyo;
- i-cerebral - ukulimala komthamo wezindonga zemithambo yobuchopho;
- ukwehlukanisa - izilonda zitholakala endaweni ethile emikhunjini yempi ekhipha izicubu zamaphethelo aphansi;
- isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi semithambo yezinso;
- i-atherosulinosis yemithambo ye-brachiocephalic;
- ifomu multifocal lesi sifo.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwesifo lunezimpawu zalo ezithile, i-prognosis kanye nenkambo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kohlobo oluthile lwesifo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lezimbangela ezithile - izici zobungozi. Ngokuya ngokwanda kwento ethile, kuvela uhlobo oluthile lwalesi sifo.
Izici zezinguquko ezijwayelekile kakhulu ze-atherosulinotic
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinguquko ze-atherosulinotic emithanjeni yenhliziyo kubonakaliswa isikhathi eside se-latent. Kungadlula unyaka owodwa kusuka ekubonakaleni kwamafutha okuqala ebusweni bethambo lomthambo kuya ekwakhekeni kwama-cholesterol plaques.
Imvamisa, izimpawu zesimilo zivela ngesikhathi lapho i-cholesterol deposis iphazamisa kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kwegazi myocardial. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwengxaki efana ne-ischemia yenhliziyo kuyabonakala.
Lolu hlobo lwalesi sifo luhambisana nokuvela kokuhlaselwa kwe-angina pectoris ne-arrhythmia, ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukugcwala kwamaphethelo aphansi.
Ukuqhubeka kwesifo kuholela ekungapheleni komsebenzi we-ventricle yangakwesobunxele, ukwanda kwesisindo somzimba kuyabonakala. Inkinga eyingozi kakhulu yalesi sifo yilesi sifo esidalwa yi-myocardial infarction.
Uhlobo lwe-cerebral lwalesi sifo lubonakala ngokuba khona kwezigaba ezintathu ekukhuleni kwalo:
- Owokuqala ungowokuqala, obonakala ngokubonakala kokuphazamiseka okusebenzayo.
- Eyesibili ibonakala ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka kwezemvelo kuyengezwa kulabo abasebenzayo, kanti ukubonakaliswa kwenqubo yenqubo kuyaqhubeka.
- Owesithathu - owokugcina ubonakaliswa ukuba khona kokuhlaselwa njalo kwe-ischemic, okuholela ekutheni i-necrosis yezifunda zobuchopho kanye nokulahleka kwemisebenzi ethile kumuntu.
Izimpawu eziphambili ukungabekezeleleki ngokomzwelo, ukwehla kwemisebenzi yememori nokuncipha kwamakhono obuhlakani. Ngokuthuthuka okuthe xaxa, i-paresis nokukhubazeka komzimba kukhula.
Ukwehlukanisa kwe-atherosclerosis yamaphethelo aphansi kubonakaliswa ngokwakhiwa kwemali efakwa ku-cholesterol engaphakathi emithanjeni enikeza igazi ezicutshini zemikhawulo engezansi.
Isici esiyisisekelo esiyindida yisifo sikashukela nemithambo ye-varicose. Kulolu hlobo lwesifo, kufakwa i-amana kwe-LDL ne-VLDL emthanjeni we-hip.
Ukuqhubeka kwalesi sifo kuvusa ukubonakala kwezimpawu ezinjengokukhubazeka nokushiswa emilenzeni, bese kuthi kamuva kube nokujoyina isigatshana.
I-Atherossteosis obliterans iholela ekushintsheni kombala wemvelo wezinyawo nokuqedwa kokukhula kwezinwele emilenzeni ethintekile. Isigaba sokugcina sibonakala ngokubonakala kwezicubu necrosis. Okuholela ebhungeni.
Lapho i-cholesterol ifaka i-aorta, i-aneurysm ingahle ivele, okuthi uma iqhuma, iholele ekufeni.
I-Multifocal atherosclerosis iyi-lesion ejwayelekile yemikhumbi ye-arterial. Lesi sifo sibonisa ukuthi sithwebula cishe yonke imithambo ehambisa igazi elejwayelekile emzimbeni.
Le nhlobonhlobo ayinazo izimpawu ezisobala, ezenza kube ngenye yezimpawu eziyingozi futhi okunzima ukuzazi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezigabeni zakamuva, kuvela izimpawu zokulimala kwe-coronary, imithambo yegazi yokubelekisa nezinqubo zemithambo yemilenze.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinga lokuthuthukiswa kwe-plaque
Uchwepheshe waseSoviet emkhakheni wezenhliziyo A. A. Myasnikov uhlongoza ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo kuya ngezinqubo ezenzeka emikhunjini.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamathagi we-atherosselotic kugcizelela ukwahlukaniswa kwalesi sifo ezinhlotsheni nasezigabeni ezihlongozwe yi-Myasnikov.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-plagi atherosselotic akhiwa ezindongeni zesistimu ye-vascular yomzimba womuntu.
Kuhlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu ekwakhekeni kwama-plaque.
Esigabeni sokuqala, ukwakhiwa kwezimpawu ze-cholesterol emithanjeni yemithambo yegazi. Lesi sigaba sibonisa ngokuhamba kancane kancane. Akukho buphawu lwesifo kulesi sigaba salesi sifo, futhi ukutholwa kwalesi sifo kunzima kakhulu.
Esigabeni sesibili, kukhona ukukhuphuka okuncane endaweni kanye nenani lokugcwala kwamafutha. Ukwenziwa okwandayo kuholela ekugqekweni okuningana kwe-lumen, okucasulayo ukubonakala kwezimpawu zokubonakaliswa. Lesi sigaba sokwakhiwa kwama-cholesterol deposits sitholakala ngokuxilonga i-hardware.
Esigabeni sesithathu sokwakheka, ama-cholesterol amana aba namandla futhi agcine isakhiwo esithambile. Kulesi sigaba, ingozi yokuhlukaniswa kwe-plaque kusuka ku-endothelium noma ukwenzeka kokuqhuma komkhumbi kuyanda. Yini edala ukukhula kwesifo senhliziyo. Unhlangothi kanye nokunye ukuphazamiseka ohlelweni lwenhliziyo.
Isigaba sokugcina sokubunjelwa kwe-plaque sibonakala ngokubonakala kwawo wonke umkhanya wezimpawu ezimpawu zesifo.
Izinhlobo ezi-3 zamathegi zihlukaniswa ngesakhiwo sazo kanye nobukhulu.
Ama-atherosselotic plaque okuzinza okuphansi. Ukuqongelela i-cholesterol kwakha isakhiwo esinokungahlukani nokugeleza kwegazi. Le ndlela yolwazi yiyona engathandeki kakhulu. Kubonakala ngokukhula okusheshayo, futhi ukukhula kwayo kuhambisana nezimpawu zokuntuleka kokuphamba kwe-coronary. Imvamisa, amachashazi anjalo atholakala kuphela ezigabeni zokugcina zalesi sifo.
Amathafa wokuqina okuphakathi. Lezi zinhlobo zinesakhiwo esixegayo futhi zimbozwe nge-membrane ye-fibrous, enomkhuba ophakeme wokuqhuma. Ngokukhula kwalokhu kubumbeka, amafomu ama-thrombus, anethuba eliphezulu lokuhlukanisa nokuhamba ngohlelo lokujikeleza. Amathafa alolu hlobo atholakala kalula futhi ayelapheka.
Ama-plaque okuqina aphezulu ahlanganiswa yimicu ye-collagen futhi ane-elasticity ephezulu. Lokhu kwakhiwa kubonakaliswa ukukhula okuthe chu ngokubala kanyekanye. Lesi sakhiwo senza kube nzima kwinqubo yokuxilonga ukuhlola i-stenosis ye-lumen.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amadiphozithi ahlukaniswe ngama-homogeneous and hegengenible. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokubhala, ukukhethwa kwendlela yokwelapha kuya.
Imininingwane emfushane nge-atherosclerosis inikezwe kuvidiyo ekulesi sihloko.
