Isifo sikashukela i-mellitus singenye yezifo ezingamahlalakhona ezivamile eRussia. Namuhla kuhlala endaweni yesithathu yokufa kwabantu, futhi okwesibili kuya ezifweni zenhliziyo nomdlavuza.
Ingozi enkulu yesifo sikashukela ukuthi lesi sifo singathinta abantu abadala nabadala, nezingane ezincane kakhulu. Kulokhu, ukutholakala kwesifo esifike ngesikhathi yisimo esibaluleke kakhulu ekwelashweni kwesifo sikashukela ngempumelelo.
Umuthi wanamuhla unamakhono amakhulu okuxilonga isifo sikashukela. Okubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ukuxilongwa okuqondile kwesiguli ukuxilongwa okuhlukile, okusiza ukubona uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela nokuthuthukisa indlela efanele yokwelashwa.
Izinhlobo zesifo sikashukela
Zonke izinhlobo zesifo sikashukela zinezimpawu ezifanayo, ezithi: ushukela wegazi ophakeme, ukomela okukhulu, ukuchama ngokweqile nobuthakathaka. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo, ongeke unganakwa ekuxilongeni nasekuphatheni okulandelayo kwalesi sifo.
Izici ezibalulekile njengezinga lokuthuthuka kwalesi sifo, ubukhulu benkambo yaso kanye nokubonakala kwezinkinga kuncike ohlotsheni lwesifo sikashukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungukusungula kuphela uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela lapho ungathola khona imbangela yangempela yokuvela kwayo, okusho ukuthi ukhetha izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokubhekana naso.
Namuhla kwezokwelapha kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu eziphambili zesifo sikashukela. Ezinye izindlela zalesi sifo azivamile futhi zivame ukukhula ngendlela yezinkinga zezinye izifo, isibonelo, i-pancreatitis, isimila noma ukulimala kwamanyikwe, izifo ezibangelwa yigciwane, ama-genet syndromes nokunye.
Izinhlobo zesifo sikashukela:
- Thayipha isifo sikashukela sokuqala
- Thayipha isifo sikashukela sesi-2
- Isifo sikashukela sokubelethisa;
- Isifo sikashukela seSteroid;
- Isifo sikashukela.
Imvamisa, iziguli zitholakala zinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Ibalelwa ngaphezu kwe-90% yazo zonke izimo zesifo ngalesi sifo. Ukwanda kwesibili okuphezulu kunesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1. Kutholakala cishe ezi-9% zeziguli. Izinhlobo ezisele zesifo sikashukela azikho ngaphezu kwe-1.5% yeziguli.
Ukuxilongwa okuhlukile kwesifo sikashukela kusiza ekuboneni ngokunembile ukuthi hlobo luni lwesifo isiguli esinaso.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi le ndlela yokuxilonga ikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise izinhlobo ezimbili ezivame kakhulu zesifo sikashukela, okuthi yize zinesithombe somtholampilo esifanayo, kepha zihluke kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi.
Thayipha isifo sikashukela sokuqala
Isifo sikashukela sohlobo loku-1 sibonisa ngokunqanyulwa okuyingxenye noma okuphelele kokukhiqizwa kwe-hormone yayo uqobo, i-insulin. Imvamisa, lesi sifo sikhula ngenxa yokwephulwa okukhulu kwamasosha omzimba, ngenxa yalokho kuvela ukuthi amasosha omzimba emzimbeni womuntu ahlasela amaseli e-pancreas awo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kunokubhujiswa okuphelele kwamangqamuzana athola i-insulin, okubangela ukwanda okukhulu koshukela wegazi .. Uhlobo lwe-1 isifo sikashukela sithinta kakhulu izingane eziseqenjini leminyaka ukusuka eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kuya kwengu-14. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafana bahlushwa yilesi sifo kaningi kakhulu kunamantombazane.
Isifo sikashukela sohlobo lokuqala sitholakala kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 kuphela ezimweni ezihlukile. Imvamisa, ubungozi bokuthola lolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela buncitshiswa ngemuva kweminyaka engama-25.
Izimpawu ezilandelayo ezahlukahlukene zimpawu zohlobo 1 lwesifo sikashukela:
- Ushukela wegazi ophakeme;
- Izinga eliphansi le-C-peptide;
- Ukuhlushwa kwe-insulin ephansi;
- Ukuba khona kwama-antibodies emzimbeni.
Thayipha isifo sikashukela sesi-2
Isifo sikashukela i-mellitus 2 sithuthukiswa ngenxa yokumelana ne-insulin, esizibonakalisa ekuxinaniseni kwezicubu zangaphakathi kuya ku-insulin. Kwesinye isikhathi kubuye kuhambisane nokuncishiswa okuyingxenye ekusithekeni kwale-hormone emzimbeni.
Kuhlobo 2 sikashukela mellitus, ukwephulwa kwe-carbohydrate metabolism kukhulunywa kancane. Ngakho-ke, ezigulini ezinendlela yesibili yesifo sikashukela, ukwanda kwezinga le-acetone egazini akunqabile futhi kunobungozi obuncane bokukhula kwe-ketosis ne-ketoacidosis.
Isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 sitholakala kakhulu kubantu besifazane kunakwabesilisa. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesifazane abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-45 bayiqembu elikhethekile lezingozi. Lolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela luvame kakhulu kubantu abadala abavuthiwe nabadala.
Kodwa-ke, muva nje kuye kwaba nokuthambekela "kokuvuselela" uhlobo 2 sikashukela. Namuhla, lesi sifo siya ngokuya sitholakala ezigulini ezingaphansi kweminyaka engama-30.
Uhlobo 2 sikashukela lubonakala ngentuthuko ende, engaba cishe yi-asymptomatic. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lesi sifo sivame ukutholakala ezigabeni zokugcina, lapho isiguli siqala ukubonisa izinkinga ezahlukahlukene, okungukuthi, ukubuka kwezilonda, ukuvela kwezilonda ezingapholi, ukusebenza kahle kwentliziyo, isisu, izinso nokunye okuningi.
Izimpawu ezihlukile zohlobo 2 sikashukela:
- Ushukela wegazi ukhuphuka kakhulu;
- I-hemoglobin ye-Glycated yanda kakhulu;
- I-C-peptide iphakeme noma ijwayelekile;
- I-insulin iphakeme noma ijwayelekile;
- Ukungabikho kwama-antibodies kuma-β-cell of pancreas.
Cishe i-90% yeziguli ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 zikhuluphele noma zikhuluphele ngokweqile.
Imvamisa, lokhu kugula kuthinta abantu abathambekele kuhlobo lwesisu sokukhuluphala, lapho kudalwa khona amafutha ikakhulu esiswini.
| Sayina | Thayipha isifo sikashukela sokuqala | Thayipha isifo sikashukela sesi-2 |
| Isisulu sokuqothuka | Ayijwayelekile | Okuvamile |
| Isisindo sesineke | Ngezansi okujwayelekile | Ukhuluphele ngokweqile kanye nokukhulupha ngokweqile |
| Ukuqala kwezifo | Ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu | Ukuthuthuka kancane |
| Iminyaka yesiguli ekuqaleni | Kaningi izingane ezisukela eminyakeni engu-7 kuye kweyi-14, abantu abasha ukusuka kwabaneminyaka eyi-15 kuye kwengama-25 | Abantu abavuthiwe abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu |
| Izimpawu | Izimpawu ezishisayo | Ukubonakaliswa okucacile kwezimpawu |
| Izinga le-insulin | Phansi kakhulu noma ulahlekile | Kuphakanyisiwe |
| Izinga le-peptide | Akukho noma kuncishiswe kakhulu | Phezulu |
| Ama-antibodies kuma-β-cell | Wozani | Abekho |
| Ukuthambekela ketoacidosis | Phezulu | Phansi kakhulu |
| Ukumelana ne-insulin | Akubhekwa | Kukhona njalo |
| Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwama-ejenti we-hypoglycemic | Ayisebenzi | Kusebenza kakhulu |
| Isidingo semijovo ye-insulin | Impilo yonke | Ukuphuthelwa ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, esakha kamuva |
| Inkambo yesifo sikashukela | Ngokukhuphuka ngezikhathi ezithile | Izinza |
| Isikhathi sesifo | Aggravation ekwindla nasebusika | Akubhekwa |
| I-Urinalysis | IGlucose ne-acetone | IGlucose |
Ngokuxilongwa kwesifo sikashukela i-mellitus, ukuxilongwa okuhlukile kusiza ukukhomba ezinye izinhlobo zalesi sifo.
Okuvame kakhulu phakathi kwabo yisifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa, isifo sikashukela nesifo sikashukela insipidus.
Isifo sikashukela seSteroid
Isifo sikashukela seSteroid siyakhula ngenxa yokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwezidakamizwa ezingama-glucocorticosteroids. Enye imbangela yalokhu kugula yilesi sifo se-Itsenko-Cushing's, esithinta izindlala ze-adrenal futhi sikhuphule ukukhiqizwa okwengeziwe kwama-hormone e-corticosteroid.
Isifo sikashukela se-Steroid sikhula njengohlobo lwe-1 sikashukela mellitus. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngalesi sifo emzimbeni wesiguli, ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin kuyingxenye ethile noma kuyekwe ngokuphelele futhi kunesidingo sokujova kwansuku zonke kwamalungiselelo e-insulin.
Isimo esiyinhloko sokwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela se-steroid ukunqunyelwa ngokuphelele kwezidakamizwa ze-hormonal. Imvamisa lokhu kwanele ukuguqula ngokuphelele i-carbohydrate metabolism futhi kunciphise zonke izimpawu zesifo sikashukela.
Izimpawu ezihlukile zesifo sikashukela se-steroid:
- Ukuthuthuka kancane kwesifo;
- Ukwanda kancane kwezimpawu.
- Ukuntuleka kwama-spikes okungazelelwe kushukela wegazi.
- Ukuthuthukiswa okungalingani kwe-hyperglycemia;
- Ubungozi obukhulu kakhulu bokukhula kwe-hyperglycemic coma.
Isifo sikashukela sokutholwa kwesisu
Isifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa sivela kwabesifazane kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Izimpawu zokuqala zalesi sifo, njengomthetho, ziqala ukuvela ezinyangeni ezi-6 zokukhulelwa. Isifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa sivame ukuthinta abesifazane abanempilo ngokuphelele, ngaphambi kokukhulelwa, babengenazinkinga noshukela wegazi ophezulu.
Isizathu sokukhula kwalesi sifo ama-hormone atholakala yi-placenta. Ziyadingeka ekukhuleni okujwayelekile kwengane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zivimba isenzo se-insulin futhi ziphazamise ukumunca ushukela okuvamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, izicubu zangaphakathi zowesifazane ziba ngokungakhathalelwa yi-insulin, okucasulayo ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana ne-insulin.
Isifo sikashukela sokutholwa komzimba sivame ukunyamalala ngokuphelele ngemuva kokubeletha, kepha sikhulisa kakhulu ingozi yowesifazane okhulisa isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Uma isifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa sabonwa kowesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kokuqala, khona-ke ngamathuba angama-30% sizokhula kulabo abalandelayo. Lolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela luvame ukuthinta abesifazane abakhulelwe sekwephuzile - kusukela kwabaneminyaka engama-30 nangaphezulu.
Ingozi yokuba nesifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa yanda kakhulu uma umama okhulelwe es ngokweqile, ikakhulukazi izinga lokukhuluphala ngokweqile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kungathinteka ngokuba khona kwe-polycystic ovary syndrome.
Isifo sikashukela
Isifo sikashukela sikhula ngenxa yokushoda okukhulu kwe-vasopressin ye-hormone, evimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile koketshezi emzimbeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, iziguli ezinalolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela zizwa ukuchama ngokweqile nokoma okukhulu.
I-vasopressin ye-hormone ikhiqizwa ngomunye wemithambo esemqoka yomzimba yi-hypothalamus. Ukusuka lapho, kudlulela emgodini we-pituitary, bese kungena ukungena kwegazi futhi, kanye nokugeleza kwayo, kungena ezinso. Ngokwenza izicubu, i-renal quasopressin ikhuthaza ukuphindwaphindwa koketshezi kanye nokugcinwa komswakama emzimbeni.
Isifo sikashukela i-insipidus ingezinhlobo ezimbili - maphakathi ne-renal (nephrogenic). Isifo sikashukela esimaphakathi siyakhula ngenxa yokwakheka kwesimila esibucayi noma esibuhlungu ku-hypothalamus, okuholela ekwehlekeni okukhulu kakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-vasopressin.
Kwi-insulin yesifo sikashukela sezinso, izinga le-vasopressin esegazini lihlala lilijwayelekile, kepha izicubu zezinso ziphulukana nokuzwela. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaseli ama-rebu tubules awakwazi ukudonsa amanzi, okuholela ekukhuleni kokuphelelwa ngamandla komzimba.
Ukuxilongwa okuhlukile kwesifo sikashukela kanye nesifo sikashukela setafula:
| Sayina | Isifo sikashukela | Isifo sikashukela mellitus |
| Uneme | Kukhulunywe kakhulu | kuveziwe |
| Ukuphuma komchamo amahora angama-24 | 3 kuya ku-15 amalitha | Akudluli amalitha ama-3 |
| Ukuqala kwezifo | Kubukhali kakhulu | Kancane kancane |
| Enursis | Imvamisa ikhona | Akukho |
| Ushukela omkhulu wegazi | Cha | Yebo |
| Ukuba khona kwe-glucose kumchamo | Cha | Yebo |
| Ubungani be-Urine obuhlobene | Phansi | Phezulu |
| Isimo sesiguli ekuhlaziyeni ngomile | Kubonakala kubi kakhulu | Akuguquki |
| Inani lomchamo likhishwe ekuhlaziyeni komile | Akuguquki noma kwehle kancane | Akuguquki |
| I-uric acid esegazini | Ngaphezulu kwe-5 mmol / l | Ukwanda kuphela kwezifo ezinzima |
Njengoba ubona, zonke izinhlobo zesifo sikashukela ziyefana kakhulu futhi ukuxilongwa okuhlukile kusiza ukuhlukanisa uhlobo olulodwa lwesifo sikashukela kolunye. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni isu elifanele lokwelashwa kanye nokulwa ngempumelelo nalesi sifo. Ividiyo ekulesi sihloko ikutshela ukuthi isifo sikashukela sitholakala kanjani.
