Amanyikwe (pancreas) yisitho esiswini sendawo yokugaya ukudla. Ebantwini, i-pancreas itholakala esiswini sesisu, i-retroperitoneally, okungukuthi, ngemuva kwe-peritoneum.
Ihlanganisa eduze isisu nemisipha eminingi yesisu enkulu yemisipha, echaza ukuqina kwayo okujulile. Ngenxa yobungqayizivele be-topography, noma yiziphi izigameko ze-pathological, ikakhulukazi isimila, ziyingozi kakhulu ebantwini.
Amanyikwe anezingxenye ezilandelayo:
- inhloko enenqubo-yokugoba., ehlanganisa i-duodenum, umsele onomphimbo we-portal uhlukanisa ikhanda nomzimba wepancreas;
- umzimba unesimo sonxantathu, nangaphambili elingaphambili libheke odongeni lwangemuva kwesisu, libheke ikholamu yomgogodla, isisu esibuhlungu se-aorta neminye imikhumbi;
- umsila ufana nepheya ngesimo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inama-ducts amabili we-excretory - amakhulu namancanyana, axhumana ngokuhlangana ne-bile duct ejwayelekile futhi agelezela ku-lumen ye-duodenum 12. Le duct ivula nge-peilla enkulu ye-duodenal.
Yini eyenza ama-pancreas exocrine?
Isici se-gland ukuthi ihlanganisa ngasikhathi sinye imisebenzi emibili - i-exo ne-endocrine.
Iningi lesitho limelwe yingxenye ye-exosecretory (exocrine). Okusho ukuthi, le ngxenye yama-enzymes e-pancreas secrete adingekayo wokugaya ngokusebenzisa umgodi we-excretory ungene ku-lumen ye-duodenum.
Ingxenye encane i-endocrine. Okusho ukuthi, ukusebenza kwawo kungukuqamba nama-secretion ama-hormone abalulekile egazini.
Engxenyeni exocrine, kukhiqizwa ama-enzyme amaningi wokugaya:
- Amaprotheni.
- Lipase.
- Amilazu.
- I-Trypsin.
Ukuze ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme kube nokulingana, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa isiko elithile lokudla okunempilo:
- Udinga ukudla njalo.
- Inani lokudla okudliwayo ngasikhathi sinye kufanele libe lincane.
- Ukudla kufanele kube nokulinganisela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala obunamandla nokudla kwe-carbohydrate kufanele kuncishiswe.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-synthesis yezinto ze-enymatic inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kumanyikwe. Noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka kungaholela ekulimazekeni okukhulu komsebenzi.
I-endocrine pancreatic lobe imelelwa yindawo encane equkethe iziqithi zeLangerhans. Amaseli we-alpha asebenza ngokufihlakala ngenhliziyo, ne-beta ne-gamma atholakala kulezi ziqhingi. Embuzweni wokuthi i-pancreas ikhiqiza ama-hormone amangaki, kaningi, iziguli zikuthola kunzima ukuphendula noma ukukhumbula i-insulin.
Ama-hormone alandelayo akhiqizwa ama-pancreas engxenyeni ye-endocrine:
- insulin;
- i-glucagon;
- somatostatin;
- i-pancreatic polypeptide;
- ghrelin.
Ama-hormone akhiqizwa izicubu zomzimba athatha ingxenye esebenzayo cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo ze-metabolic ezenzeka emzimbeni.
Izici ze-enzymes ze-pancreatic
Kumuntu ophile kahle, i-iron iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-enzyme alandelayo ahlukile kunhloso yokusebenza kwawo.
I-Protease yi-enzyme ephula amaprotheni ngokwephula izibopho ze-peptide phakathi kwama-amino acid. Ngenxa ye-proteinase, uhlelo lokugaya komuntu luyakwazi ukugaya imikhiqizo yamaprotheni, kufaka phakathi inyama, izinsalela, inhlanzi, imikhiqizo yobisi, njll. Ukwenza lula ukugaya ukudla kwamaprotheni, kunconywa ukudla okuphelele ukwakha inhlama yokudla efanayo. Le nqubo izolekelela kakhulu umsebenzi wamanyikwe. Ngokugaya kabi kwemikhiqizo - izinto ezinkulu zamaprotheni zingena emgodini wokugaya ukudla, okwenza kakhulu umsebenzi wamaphrotheni.
ILipase iyisigameko sokuqhekeka kwamafutha. Ngenxa yesenzo se-lipase, amafutha adonswa ngempumelelo emzimbeni. Ngaphandle kwawo, ukumuncwa kwama-asidi aqatha afana ne-omega-3 ne-omega-6 acid acid akunakwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwe-lipase, i-cholesterase, i-lipase ethile yamathumbu nesisu, kufaka isandla ekuwohlokeni kwamafutha.
I-Amylase iyinto enzyme ekhuthaza ukuqhekeka kwesitashi namanye ama-polysaccharides ku-oligo - ne-monosaccharides. Lokho wukuthi, umsebenzi wayo "ukucubungula" ama-carbohydrate. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-amylase: i-alpha, i-beta ne-gamma. Ukuhlushwa kwayo egazini kuyimpawu ebalulekile yokuxilonga yama-pancreatic pathologies. Ukudla okune-carbohydrate okubandakanya konke ukudla okumnandi, izithelo, amajikijolo amnandi, okusanhlamvu, nezimpahla ezibhakiwe. Imvamisa carbohydrate ekudleni ihlanganiswa namafutha, ukudla okunjalo kuzokubizwa - kuhlanganiswe ne-BZHU. Ukudla ukudla okunjalo kubangela umthwalo owengeziwe kumaseli we-gland. Umsizi we-pancreatic ekugayweni kokudla kwe-carbohydrate yizindlala ezithambile, ezibuye zixube amylase ngenkuthalo. Ukwehlukaniswa kwama-carbohydrate kuqala kakade emgodini womlomo. Noma imuphi ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi agqekeza abe amangqamuzana ama-monosaccharide.
I-Trypsin nayo ibamba iqhaza ekuwohlokeni kwamaprotheni. Okusho ukuthi, ama-enzyme epancreas exocrine ayingxenye esebenzayo yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ujusi wokugaya".
Inani lama-enzyme e-pancreatic lingahluka ngokuya ngohlobo nenani lokudla. Lapho, ngokwesibonelo, kudliwa ukudla okunama-carbohydrate amaningi, amaseli we-pancreatic afaka i-enzyme yokugaya ngaphezulu, eqeda ama-polysaccharides nesitashi (amylase), kanye namanye ama-enzyme amancane kakhulu.
Ukungalingani njalo ekudleni okudla kungaholela emikhondweni eyahlukahlukene.
Ngabe ama-pancreas akhiqiza ama-hormone muni?
I-insulin yi-hormone eyaziwa kakhulu ngamanyikwe. Kwenziwe ngamaseli we-beta wama-islets.
Inesibopho sokungena kweglucose kumaseli, ikhuthaze ukwakheka kwe-glycogen esibindini, iphinde isheshise ukwakheka kwama-lipids namaprotheni. "Inkazimulo" yakhe ihlotshaniswa nesifo esivamile kakhulu emphakathini - isifo sikashukela.
Isifo sikashukela mellitus (DM) ukugula okuvela ngenxa ye-pathology of secretion noma iphuzu lokusetshenziswa kwe-insulin. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zikashukela: ezokuqala nezesibili. Kokuhlukahluka kokuqala, isiguli sakha ukuntuleka kwe-insulin okuphelele noma kwesibili, kwesibili - amaseli "alahlekelwa" izindlela zokupheka ezibona isenzo se-insulin.
Ngazo zombili izinhlobonhlobo zesifo, isiguli sihlakulela i-hyperglycemia, edinga ukulungiswa kwezokwelapha. Iqiniso elithokozisayo ukuthi le-hormone isembozwe kabanzi emkhakheni wesayensi, okungukuthi, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha bazi kahle zonke izici zokwenziwa kanye nesenzo se-insulin.
I-adrenaline ye-adrenaline inethonya elehlukile le-insulin. Isebenza ukugeleza kwe-glycogen esibindini, kuyilapho i-insulin, "iyakuvikela".
I-Glucagon yi-hormone "eyi-antony" ephelele ye-insulin. Kodwa-ke, uma i-insulin yehlisa izinga le-glucose egazini, lapho-ke i-glucogon, kunalokho, yandisa ukuqina kwayo nge-hypoglycemia.
I-Somatostatin yi-hormone okuvela kwayo kumaseli we-delta we-isanc pancreatic islets. Ubuntu bayo obungejwayelekile ukuthi ngaphezu kwalokhu kwakwenziwa indawo, kwenziwa ngendlela ye-hypothalamus, isitho esimaphakathi se-neuroendocrine.
Inqanda ukuvikeleka kwe-somatoliberin ku-hypothalamus, kanye nokuvikeleka kwe-somatotropin ne-thyrotropin ku-gland anterior pituitary gland. Iphinde ivimbele ukuvela kwe-serotonin.
Ukwephulwa kokuqanjwa kwe-somatostatin kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwezifo ezifana ne-gigantism ne-acomegaly. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungapheleli kwayo kuvusa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pathology ye-gland yegilo.
I-polypeptide ye-pancreatic ithunyelwa ngamaseli we-PP we-ispancreatic islets. Unesibopho sokuvimbela ukucasha kwe-pancreatic kanye nokukhuthaza ukucwaswa kwe-gastric acid.
IGhrelin yi-hormone eyaziwa kancane, kepha cishe wonke umuntu ujwayelene nobuntu besenzo sayo. Nguye 'ovusa' isifiso.
Imisebenzi esemqoka yamanyikwe
I-Iron ifaka iningi lama-enzyme adingekayo ukugaya ngempumelelo. "Ijusi" ye-pancreatic iqukethe, ngaphezu kwama-enzyme, ama-bicarbonate athile. I-Bicarbonate ihlukanisa ijusi yesisu ngokusabela kokungathathi hlangothi.
Imfihlo yamanyikwe iqoqwe emigqonyeni emincane, ekugcineni ehlangana ne-duct ye-bile evulekile bese ivulelwa ku-lumen ye-duodenum. Isitho sinesakhiwo esithandekayo. Phakathi kwezigaba zayo kukhona lezo "islets zehomoni" ezifanayo ezingenazo izindlela zokuphuma. Ezingxenyeni ezincane, ama-hormone ayaqedwa athinta umzimba we-carbohydrate metabolism.
Ama-enzyme asebenza ngamaphrotheni ahlanganiswa emzimbeni ngendlela eyabizwa ngokuthi ngabanduleli bama-enzyme. Ukwenza kusebenze kwabo kudinga i-enzyme ethile yamathumbu, i-Enterokinase. I-Enterokinase igxiliswe ku-mucosa wamathumbu. Isibonelo, i-trypsin ivela ku-trypsinogen ngaphansi kwesenzo se-Enterokinase.
Umshini onjalo wokuqanjwa kwama-enzymes, ngokusebenza kwawo okwengeziwe ngaphandle kwamanyikwe, kuvimbela umkhuba wokuzigaya. Ukube izinto ezisebenzayo bezithunyelwa ngqo kumanyikwe, kungenzeka ukuthi indoda ibizofa ngaso leso sikhathi.
Ukuze ukusebenza kwengxenye ye-pocrreas yama-pocrreas, umthetho wokuthambisa nawo uyadingeka. Izici zokwenziwa komsebenzi wakhe yilezi: gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin.
Zivezwa amaseli wesisu namathumbu. Umsebenzi wabo uvuselelwa ngama-neurons "avukayo" lapho izindonga zezitho zelulwa yi-chyme.
Izifo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-pancreatic
Amanyikwe siyisitho sokugcina esisebenza ngokusebenza kakhulu.
Noma iyiphi i-pathology yayo, ithinta kabi isimo sempilo yomzimba.
Izifo ezilandelayo zivame ukutholakala kwezokwelapha:
- I-pancreatitis Ifomu elamukelekayo nelingamahlalakhona. Lesi yisifo lapho ama-enzyme esenziwa asebenze ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi aqale ukubhubhisa izicubu ze-gland. Kulokhu, wonke umthamo we-pancreatic wama-enzyme uphonswa ekujikelezweni kwe-systemic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zilimaza kakhulu izitho nezinhlelo zomzimba, ikakhulukazi ebuchosheni, kwezicubu zamaphaphu, kanye ne-myocardium, izinso nesibindi. I-pancreatitis eyingozi i-acute, idinga ukungenelela okusheshayo kokuhlinzwa, i-pathology. Ngaphambi kokungena esibhedlela, isiguli singasizwa ngokufaka iqhwa endaweni yephrojekthi ye-pancreatic. Izimpawu eziphambili zalesi sifo zingabekezeleleki, zibhincile izinhlungu. Futhi, ukwanda kwama-enzymes e-pancreatic kuhlale kunqunywa ekuhlolweni kwegazi. Esikhathini esizayo, ngenxa yokwehluleka kohlelo lwe-enzymatic, i-stool disorder iyajoyina.
- Umdlavuza we-pancreatic umdlavuza obulala kakhulu. Isimila sikhula kusuka kumaseli e-epithelial izicubu ze-pancreatic. Ubungozi obukhulu balesi sifo abantu abaphuza utshwala obunamandla, ababhemayo, iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela, i-cirrhosis yesibindi.
- I-cystic fibrosis yisifo esidalwa ufuzo esithinta zonke izitho zomzimba, kubandakanya namanyikwe. I-Diffuse fibrosis ikhula kumanyikwe, elimaza kakhulu ikhwalithi yokusebenza kwayo. Ngaphezu kwamanyikwe, lesi sifo sithinta amaphaphu, amathumbu, ukujuluka kwezithukuthuku. Ukuxilongwa kwenziwa kakade ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila kwengane egulayo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-cystic fibrosis kuyisibopho sokuhlolwa kwe-neonatal.
- Isifo sikashukela yi-endocrine pathology enzima ethinta amazinga kashukela egazini.
Ochwepheshe be-gastroenterologists, ama-endocrinologists, ama-oncologists, abelaphi, odokotela bomndeni kanye nodokotela abahlinzayo bayabandakanyeka ekwelapheni nasekuvimbeleni izifo ze-pancreatic.
Ukwelashwa kwe-pathologies ye-pancreas
I-nosology ngayinye - ukwelashwa kwayo okukhethekile. Ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa nokwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-pancreatitis eyingozi.
Uma kwenzeka isifo se-pancreatitis esingamahlalakhona kanye nokungasebenzi kahle, kufanele kunqunywe ukwelashwa kwe-enzyme.
I-pancreatic oncology ine-prognosis engathandeki. Naphezu kokusebenzisa i-chemotherapy, ukuhlinzwa, i-radiotherapy ezigulini ezinjalo, ukusinda kweziguli zeminyaka emihlanu akunange ngamaphesenti angama-40. Ngakho-ke okuvame kakhulu, kuleli cala, ukunakekelwa okubonakalayo nokuzwakalayo.
Ukwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo loku-1 noma uhlobo lwe-2 sikhethekile kuphela kuma-endocrinologists. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesifo sikashukela, kunikezwa ukwelashwa okufanele. Ngohlobo lokuqala, ukwelashwa kwe-insulin okusebenzayo kuyasebenza. Imvamisa, uhlobo lokuqala lwesifo sikashukela luthinta izingane, intsha nentsha. Uhlobo lwesibili asebekhulile.
Ukuvimbela ukuphazanyiswa komsebenzi we-pancreas kungukugcinwa kwempilo enempilo, ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwezokwelapha kanye nokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwemithi ekhethekile yemvelo yokuvimbela.
Mayelana nemisebenzi yamanyikwe kuzosho uchwepheshe kuvidiyo ekulesi sihloko.
