Izifo ezivame kakhulu zesikhathi sethu zifaka i-atherossteosis, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, ukukhuluphala, i-pathologies yenhliziyo, imithambo yegazi futhi, isifo sikashukela i-mellitus. Zonke lezi zifo zinephethini elilodwa elijwayelekile - ukukhula ngokweqile noma ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli athile emzimbeni. Nge-atherossteosis, lokhu kukhiqizwa okwenziwe kabusha kwamaseli wezindonga zemithambo, kanye nokukhuluphala - ukukhula okuthuthukile kwezicubu ze-adipose, kanye nesifo sikashukela - izinga elikhulayo le-glucose.
Kepha yini okucasulayo okwandise ukwahlukaniswa kwamaseli, ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi wemvelo womzimba uphazamiseka futhi kuqhamuka izifo eziyingozi? Udokotela ohlinzayo wamathambo odumile uYuri Babkin, osebenza kakhulu kuma-Israyeli, uyaqiniseka ukuthi i-hormone ekhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli ngokweqile yi-insulin.
Ngakho-ke, waqamba indlela enciphisa i-insulin yokwelapha umzimba, esekelwe ocwaningweni oluningi lwezokwelapha nangokwebhayoloji, izindatshana zesayensi nezincwadi. Kepha ngaphambi kokuthi ujwayele uhlelo olusha lokwelapha, kufanele uqonde ukuthi iyini i-insulin nokuthi isebenza kanjani.
Odinga ukukwazi nge-insulin
Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi le-hormone inesibopho sokulawula ushukela wegazi futhi isifo sikashukela siyakhula lapho singasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvusa ukukhula kwamaseli amaningi, futhi ukukhululeka kwawo okwandisiwe akunikeli kuphela ekuqaleni kwesifo sikashukela, kodwa nezinye izifo eziyingozi ngokulinganayo.
Le hormone inethonya elibi emzimbeni - kancane futhi ngokushesha. Ngokusebenza kwayo ngokushesha, amangqamuzana amunca ngokunamandla ushukela ovela emfuleni wegazi, ngenxa yalokho ukucwila koshukela kuyehla.
Umphumela ongapheli ukuthi i-insulin ikhuthaza ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamaseli. Yisenzo lesi okungumsebenzi oyinhloko we-hormone, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuthi ubheke inqubo yayo ngemininingwane ethe xaxa.
Umzimba womuntu uqukethe izigidigidi zamangqamuzana, futhi avuselelwa njalo ngokukhula nokufa. Le nqubo ilawulwa yi-insulin.
I-hormone imolekyuli yamaprotheni equkethe ama-amino acid angama-51. Ngendlela, kwakuyi-hormone lena eyakhiwe kuqala elabhoratri, evumela ukwelula impilo yezigidi zabantu abanesifo sikashukela.
Lapho umzimba usebenza kahle, i-insulin ikhiqizwa amaseli we-beta we-pancreas, ahlukaniswe ngamaqoqo amancane ayindilinga. Lawa maseli asakazeke emzimbeni wonke njengeziqhingi, ngakho abizwa iziqhingi zaseLangerhans, usosayensi owazithola kuqala.
Phakathi kwamaseli we-beta, i-insulin, eqoqana kuma-vesicles, ifakwa ngokufihlekile. Lapho ukudla kungena emzimbeni, iba yisiginali yamangqamuzana akhipha ngokushesha i-insulin emfuleni wegazi. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi hhayi i-glucose kuphela, kepha futhi noma yikuphi ukudla, kufaka phakathi amafutha, amaprotheni nama-carbohydrate, kunomthelela ekukhulisweni kwe-hormone.
Ngemuva kokungena egazini, i-insulin isatshalaliswa yimithambo yegazi emzimbeni wonke, ingene emangqamuzaneni ayo, ngalinye lawo libe nezindlela zokupheka ze-insulin. Bathola, bese bebopha i-molecule ye-hormone.
Ngokomfanekiso, le nqubo ingachazwa kanjena:
- ingqamuzana ngalinye lineminyango emincane;
- ngesango, ukudla kungangena phakathi kweseli;
- ama-insulin receptors ayizibopho kulezi zicabha ezivula ikheji ekudleni.
Ngakho-ke, ukugcwaliswa kwamandla kagesi komzimba kuyenziwa kabusha, kugcinwa ezintweni zokwakha, ngenxa yalokho iseli, ngokusho kokufakwa kofuzo, livuselelwa, likhula futhi liphindaphindeka ngokwehlukana. Ama-insulin receptors akhona kakhulu esitokisini, inani elikhulu le-insulin lizoba semfudlaneni wegazi, ozogcwala zonke izitho nezinhlelo ngezakhi zomzimba futhi amangqamuzana akhule ngokusebenzayo.
Ukuhlangana kwesikhathi lapho ukudla kungena khona egazini kanye nokuqedwa kwe-insulin ye-pancreatic kungumthetho oyisisekelo wemvelo, sibonga ukuthi yikuphi ukudla, isikhathi nokukhula kuhlobene ngokuvumelanayo. Lobu budlelwano buboniswa ifomula ekhethekile: M = I x T.
M isisindo somzimba, Futhi yi-insulin, T isikhathi sokuphila. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-Horcy isebenza kakhulu, futhi ihlala isikhathi eside futhi isisindo sayo iphakama.
Kuyafaneleka ukwazi ukuthi ama-insulin receptors ahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:
- ukuthinta ngokushesha ukuthathwa koshukela;
- kuthinta kancane ukukhula.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo ngamanani ahlukahlukene ziyatholakala kuseli ngalinye. Ukuqhubeka nokuqhathaniswa okuchazwe ngenhla neminyango, kubukeka kanjena: ama-receptors asheshayo angamapeni emasangweni lapho kungena khona ama-molecule ushukela, bese kuthi labo abathobayo bavule indlela yokudla kwamafutha namaprotheni - amabhlogo wokwakha ahilelekile ekukhuleni kwamaseli.
Inani lama-receptors esitokisini ngasinye lingahluka (kufika ku-200,000). Inani lincike kwikhono leseli lokukhula. Isibonelo, iseli elibomvu legazi alikhuli futhi alihlukanisi, ngokulandelana, linama-receptors ambalwa, futhi iseli lamafutha lingaphindaphindeka, ngakho-ke, linama-receptors amaningi.
Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-insulin inethonya eliqondile ekukhuleni, ithinta nenkomba kashukela wegazi, yehlisa. Le nqubo ingumphumela womsebenzi wayo ophambili - ukukhuthaza ukukhula.
Ukukhula, amaseli adinga ukunikezwa kwamandla, abawathola ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-insulin ushukela egazini. Lapho ushukela ungena kumaseli wezitho zomzimba, khona-ke okuqukethwe kwawo okusegazini kuncipha.
I-insulin iyithinta kanjani impilo yomuntu?
Ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokunciphisa i-insulin ehlongozwe nguDkt Babkin, kufanele uqonde ukuthi le ndlela iyithinta kanjani impilo yomuntu. Le hormone ivuselela futhi ixhumanise ukuthuthukiswa komzimba onama-multicellular. Ngakho-ke, umbungu ukhula ngaphansi kwethonya le-insulin uze uqalise ukukhiqiza i-hormone uqobo.
Ukukhula, umzimba udinga izinto ezi-2 - ukudla kanye nokusebenza okujwayelekile kwamanyikwe. Futhi izingane ezizelwe futhi zakhulela nokushoda kokudla azikwazi ukufinyelela isilinganiso sokukhula esibekwe phansi ngofuzo.
Esibonelweni sikashukela esincike ku-insulin, lokhu kuchazwa kanjena: ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwezakhi zofuzo, i-hormone ayikhiqizwa, ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokufakwa kwezidakamizwa, isiguli siyafa, njengoba umzimba wakhe unciphile futhi amangqamuzana angahlukani.
Ngemuva kokuthomba, ukukhula okuphezulu kuyama, kepha inqubo yangaphakathi yokuthuthukiswa kwamaseli nokuvuselela ayimisi kuze kube sekufeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-metabolism yenzeka njalo esitokisini ngasinye futhi ukuqaliswa kwale nqubo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-insulin.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngobudala, ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone kuyanda. Ngakho-ke, umzimba uqala ukungakhuli, futhi ububanzi nobubanzi besikhumba kukhulu kakhulu.
I-insulin nayo inomthelela ekuqongeleleni nasekukhuleni kwenani lamafutha emzimbeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubamba iqhaza ekucutshungweni kokudla ngokweqile kumafutha, ngoba omunye wemisebenzi yakhe ukuqoqwa kwamandla.
Inkinga enkulu ukwanda kwe-insulin kulokhu, i-Babkin insulin nempilo, okuyiqiniso, evamile, yanikela incwadi yakhe. Emzimbeni ophilile kukhona ibhalansi ethile phakathi kwamandla nento.
Ngokweqile kwe-hormone, kwenzeka ukungalingani, okwandisa ukukhula kwezicubu ezahlukahlukene namaseli ngokumelene nesizinda sokuntuleka kwamandla okubalulekile.
Umnyombo wendlela yokwelapha, wehlise i-insulin
Ngakho-ke, imbangela yamazinga e-insulin akhuphukayo ukusetshenziswa njalo kokudla. I-hormone iqoqana kancane kancane kumaseli we-beta wamanyikwe. Ukungena kokudla emzimbeni kusebenza njengophawu olusebenza amaseli athumela i-insulin egazini.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isibalo sokudla okudliwayo akunandaba. Ngakho-ke, noma ikuphi ukudla okulula ukudla okubonwa ngamaseli e-insulin beta njengokudla okuphelele.
Ngakho-ke, uma phakathi nosuku ukudla kuthathelwe ibhulakufesi, isidlo sasemini kanye nesidlo sakusihlwa, ukugcwala kwe-insulin egazini kuzonyuka kathathu. Uma, ngaphezu kwamasu amakhulu, bekunezinye izidlakudla ezi-3, khona-ke izinga le-insulin lizokhuphuka izikhathi ezi-6 ukuphakama okufanayo. Ngakho-ke, indlela enciphisa i-insulin ye-Babkin ukuthi ukunciphisa ukuhlangana kwe-insulin egazini, kubalulekile ukunciphisa inani lokudla.
Ukudla okulula kungakhishelwa ngaphandle futhi kuhlala kugcwaliswa okukuvumela ukuthi uzizwe ugcwele kusuka ekudleni kwasekuseni kuya kwasemini nangaphambi kokudla kwakusihlwa. Kepha phakathi ungaphuza amanzi, ikhofi noma itiye. Ngokufanelekile, inani lokudla okudliwayo kufanele lehliswe libe kabili, inani eliphakeme kathathu, izikhathi.
Eqinisweni, ukulandela lesi simiso akunzima. Kuyadingeka ukuyeka ukudla kwasemini, isidlo sasekuseni noma ibhulakufesi. Kepha ziphoqe ukuthi udle, ngaphandle kokuba nomuzwa wokuthi indlala ayikufanele. Ngasikhathi sinye, kufanelekile ukukhohlwa ubandlululo lokuthi kulimaza ukudla isidlo sasebusuku ebusuku, ngoba lapho umuntu elambile udinga ukudla, kepha ukudla ukudla lapho kugcwele kungathandeki.
Kodwa-ke, ukudla okulula kwabanesifo sikashukela akuyona ukuphela kwembangela yokukhuphuka kwe-insulin. Isici sesibili ukukhishwa kwehomoni eyisisekelo engahlobene nokudla.
I-insulin ihlala ingena emfudlaneni wegazi kusuka kumanyikwe, noma umuntu engadli. Leli zinga libizwa ngokuthi eliyisisekelo, kepha liyadingeka nasemzimbeni, ngoba linamaseli adinga ukuvuselelwa njalo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-insulin yangemuva iphansi, uma ulinganisa inani eliphelele lokuvikelwa kwe-hormone nsuku zonke, isisekelo singama-50% alo lonke izinga.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngobudala, inani le-insulin labalandeli liyakhuphuka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umzimba uyakhula, futhi ngalo isisindo samaseli e-beta anda, aqala ukukhiqiza ama-hormone amaningi. Kepha yini okudingeka yenziwe ukunciphisa umkhiqizo wayo?
I-hormone ngayinye ine-antihormone eyivimbela, ngoba emzimbeni womuntu onempilo zonke izinqubo kufanele zilingane. I-insulin anti-hormone yi-IGF-1 (I-Insulin-efana ne-Growth Factor-1). Lapho ukuqina kwegazi lakho kunyuka, amazinga e-insulin ehla aze acishe abe ngu-zero.
Kepha ungenza kanjani IGF-1 isebenze? I-anti-insulin hormone ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi somsebenzi wezicubu ezisebenzayo. Ivumela izicubu zemisipha ukuthi zimunce ngokushesha ushukela wegazi ukuze zibe namandla.
Lapho ushukela udonswa izicubu, ukuqina kwawo egazini kuyehla. Njengoba i-IGF-1 ne-insulin kunciphisa ushukela, kuba sobala ukuthi lapho kuvela i-hormone elwa ne-insulin emfudlaneni wegazi, i-insulin iyanyamalala.
Ngemuva kwakho konke, la mahomoni amabili awakwazi ukuba segazini ngasikhathi sinye, ngoba lokhu kuzodala i-hypoglycemia enkulu. Umzimba wenzelwe ukuze i-IGF-1 ivimbele ukuvikela kwe-insulin eyisisekelo.
Okusho ukuthi, indlela yokwehlisa i-insulin iqukethe ekukhiqizweni okungokwemvelo kwehomoni ngaphandle komjovo nokuphuza amaphilisi. Le ndlela inencazelo yomzimba.
Ngenqubo yokudla, umzimba ukhiqiza i-insulin, futhi ngemuva kokudla kokuzivuselela okusebenzayo kwamaseli, umzimba uvame ukuphumula futhi ulale. Kepha ngomsebenzi omkhulu, umsebenzi oyinhloko ukwenza isenzo, futhi ungazibandakanyi nezinqubo zokuthuthuka noma zokuzivuselela kabusha kwamaseli.
Kulokhu, uzodinga i-antihormone ebambezela ukukhula kweseli futhi yenze umsebenzi we-insulin, oqukethe ukwehlisa ukugcwala kweglucose ngokuyihambisa kabusha kusuka egazini kuya emisipha. Kepha yiluphi usizo lokuzivocavoca lwesifo sikashukela olufaka isandla ekukhiqizweni kwe-IGF-1? Imiphumela yocwaningo oluningi ikhombisa ukuthi inani elikhulu le-antihormone likhishwa lapho ukumelana kunqotshwa ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwamandla.
Ngakho-ke, ukuzivocavoca ngama-dumbbells kuzoba wusizo kakhulu kune-aerobics ejwayelekile, futhi ukugxuma nokugijima kusebenza kakhulu kunokuhamba. Ngokuqeqeshwa njalo kwamandla, izicubu zemisipha ziyanda kancane kancane, okufaka isandla ekukhiqizeni okusebenzayo kwe-IGF-1 kanye nokungenisa ushukela obengeziwe egazini.
Ngakho-ke, indlela yokwehlisa i-insulin evela kuDkt Babkin iqukethe ukulandela izimiso ezimbili. Owokuqala izidlo ezimbili noma ezintathu ngosuku ngokwenqaba ukudla okulula, kanti owesibili ukuqeqeshwa ngamandla okuvamile.
Kwividiyo ekulesi sihloko, u-Elena Malysheva ukhuluma ngezimpawu zesifo sikashukela.
