Isifo sikashukela yisifo esivame kakhulu .. E-Russia, e-India, e-USA nase China, amashumi ezigidi ayagula. Uhlobo lwe-1 sikashukela kuma-2% enani eliphelele lamacala, iziguli ezisele zitholakala ngohlobo 2.
Ngeshwa, lo mbhangqwana wamaphesenti ungabantu abasha kakhulu, iningi lezingane ezineminyaka eyi-10-14. Banempilo ende yokuphila, sonke lesi sikhathi, amaprotheni ama-glycated aqongelela emizimbeni yawo, okubangela izinkinga eziningi zesifo sikashukela. Zingagwenywa kuphela ngokulawulwa kweglucose ngokucophelela, okuholela ekuguqukeni okukhulu kwendlela yokuphila.
Izimbangela Zesifo Sikashukela soHlobo 1
Ukuze kufakwe ushukela amaseli omzimba wethu, i-insulin isinika amanyikwe. Ngaphandle kwe-insulin, i-metabolism ihlanekezelwa kangangokuba lezi zinguquko azihambelani nokuphila: ushukela awusangeni emangqamuzaneni, uqongeleleka egazini ulimaze nemithambo yegazi, okuholele ekuqhekekeni okungalawulwa kwamafutha nobuthi obujulile bomzimba. Ukwehluleka kwama-pancreas ukwenza imisebenzi yawo kusho ukwenzeka kwe-coma nokufa okusheshayo, okungavinjelwa kuphela ukungena kwe-insulin ngaphandle.
Isifo sikashukela nokucindezela kuzoba yinto yesikhathi esedlule
- Ukwehlela ushukela -95%
- Ukuqedwa kwe-vein thrombosis - 70%
- Ukuqedwa kokushaya kwenhliziyo okuqinile -90%
- Ukuqeda umfutho wegazi ophakeme - 92%
- Ukwanda kwamandla ngesikhathi sosuku, ngcono ukulala ebusuku -97%
Ngohlobo 1 sikashukela, kungukuhluleka lokhu okwenzekayo. Imbangela yawo ukubhujiswa okungenakuphikwa kwamaseli we-beta akhiqiza insulin. Indlela eqondile yokuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani ayikaqondakali, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi la maseli abhubhisa ukungaziphathi kahle kwawo.
Kukhona isithiyo esikhethekile phakathi kohlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi naphakathi kwegazi. Iklanyelwe ngendlela yokuthi idlulisela umoya-mpilo ebuchosheni, kepha iyivikele ekungeneni kwama-microorganisms e-pathological nakweminye imizimba yakwamanye amazwe. Ezimweni ezingandile, ukucindezelwa, ukutheleleka ngegciwane, noma amakhemikhali angena ngaphakathi kungadala ukuthi lo mgoqo ungene ngaphakathi kanye namaseli wesistimu yezinzwa ukungena egazini. Ukuzivikela komzimba kuphendula ngokushesha ekungeneni okungagunyaziwe, umzimba uqala ukukhiqiza amasosha omzimba okufanele abhubhise amaprotheni angaphandle. Lezi zinqubo ziqhelelene ngokuphelele, kanye namaseli ezinzwa, amaseli we-pancreatic anezimpawu ezifana nazo ziyafa.
Manje sekutholakele ukuthi izici zofuzo zithonya amathuba esifo sikashukela sohlobo 1. Ubungozi obujwayelekile bokugula ngu-0.5%. Uma umama egula, enyuka amahlandla ama-4, uma ubaba - amahlandla ayishumi. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi umuntu othize ngeke abe nesifo sikashukela, ngoba izizukulwane eziningana zingaba nethuba eliphakeme lokudumisa, kepha ngasikhathi sinye sigweme lesi sifo.
Izimpawu nezibonakaliso ezikhethekile
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zikashukela zibonakala zifana, ngoba imbangela yazo iyafana - ushukela wegazi ophakeme nokuntuleka kwezicubu. Izimpawu zesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 ziqala futhi zanda ngokushesha, ngoba lesi sifo sibonakaliswa ukwanda okusheshayo kokuxineka koshukela egazini kanye nokubulawa yindlala okubalulekile kwezicubu.
Izimpawu ongasola ngazo isifo:
- Kukhulisa diuresis. Izinso zilwela ukugeza igazi likashukela, zisuse kuze kufike kumalitha ayi-6 omchamo ngosuku.
- Ukomela okukhulu. Umzimba udinga ukubuyisela inani elahlekile lamanzi.
- Ukulamba njalo. Amaseli entula i-glucose anethemba lokuyithola ekudleni.
- Ukulahlekelwa isisindo, naphezu kokudla okuningi. Izidingo zamandla zamaseli ngokuntuleka kweglucose ziyahlangabezana nokuqhekeka kwezicubu namafutha. Ukwehla kwesisindo okwandayo ukuqina komzimba okuqhubekayo.
- Ukuwohloka okujwayelekile kwempilo. I-lethargy, ukukhathala okusheshayo, izinhlungu emisipha nasekhanda ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla kwezicubu zomzimba.
- Izinkinga zesikhumba. Umuzwa ongathandeki esikhunjeni kanye nolwelwesi lwama-mucous, kusebenze kwezifo zokukhunta ngenxa kashukela wegazi ophezulu.
Uma usola isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 lwezimpawu ezivelayo ngaso sonke isikhathi akwenzeki, ngakho-ke ngohlobo 1, konke kulula kakhulu. Ngokubheka inhlalakahle yabo eyanele, iziguli zingasho negama losuku oluqondile lapho izinguquko kumanyikwe ziholele ekuphulweni okukhulu kwemisebenzi yalo.
Noma kunjalo, cishe ama-30% ohlobo lwe-1 yesifo sikashukela esitholakala kuphela atholakala ngemuva ketoacidosis - isimo sokudakwa kakhulu komzimba.
Umehluko kusuka kuhlobo lwesibili
Ngemuva kokuthi kwenziwe izivivinyo futhi kwatholakala ukuthi ushukela omningi waba imbangela yezimpawu, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa ushukela ngohlobo.
Unganquma ukuthi yisiphi isifo sikashukela esakhiwe ngamapharamitha alandelayo:
| Ipharamitha | Uhlobo olu-1, ikhodi ye-microb 10 E10 | Uhlobo 2, ikhodi E11 |
| Iminyaka Yezinkinga | Izingane nobusha, ngobuningi obukhulu - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30. | Okuphakathi nobudala |
| Isizathu | Ukubhujiswa kweseli | Ukumelana ne-insulin ngenxa yendlela engalungile |
| Qala | Swift | Kancane kancane |
| Izimpawu | Kumenyezelwe | Okugcotshwe |
| Ukuvimbela | Ukugonywa ezifweni, ukuncelisa ibele isikhathi eside kunciphisa ingozi | Indlela yokuphila enempilo ivimbela ngokuphelele lesi sifo |
| Isisindo sokugula | Kaningi ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ejwayelekile | Kukhuliswe kakhulu, kuvame ukukhuluphala |
| I-ketoacidosis | Iqinile, ikhula ngokushesha | Ubuthakathaka noma ukungabikho |
| I-Proprietary insulin | Okulahlekile noma okumbalwa kakhulu | Ukujwayelekile noma ukwanda, kuyancipha ngesipiliyoni eside sesifo |
| Isidingo sokwelashwa kwe-insulin | Kuyadingeka | Akudingeki isikhathi eside |
| Ukumelana ne-insulin | Cha | Okubalulekile |
| Ama-antijeni egazi | Kukhona i-95% | Abekho |
| Ukugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin nezidakamizwa | Imvamisa ingenamsebenzi | Isebenzayo ekuqaleni kwesifo |
Izindlela zokwelapha ezahlukahlukene zesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1
Inhloso yokwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela ukuthola isinxephezelo. Ishukela elinxephekile libhekwa kuphela uma amapharamitha egazi nezinkomba zokucindezela kwegazi zigcinwa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ejwayelekile isikhathi eside.
| Isikhombi | Iyunithi | Inani lethagethi | |
| Ijubane loshukela | mmol / l | 5,1-6,5 | |
| IGlucose lamaminithi ayi-120 ngemuva kokudla | 7,6-9 | ||
| Glucose ngaphambi kombhede | 6-7,5 | ||
| I-Cholesterol | ejwayelekile | ngaphansi kuka-4.8 | |
| ukuxinana okuphezulu | ngaphezu kwe-1,2 | ||
| kwabantu abaphansi | ngaphansi kuka-3 | ||
| Triglycerides | ngaphansi kuka-1.7 | ||
| IGlycated Hemoglobin | % | 6,1-7,4 | |
| Umfutho wegazi | mmHg | 130/80 | |
Izinga le-glucose okuqondiswe kulo isifo sikashukela liyanconywa ukuba liphakeme kancane kunokujwayelekile ukunciphisa amathuba we-hypoglycemia. Uma ukulawulwa kwalesi sifo kuncishisiwe, futhi ushukela ungagcinwa ngokuqinile ngaphandle kwamaconsi abukhali, ushukela osheshayo ungancishiswa ube yinto ejwayelekile kumuntu ophile kahle (4.1-5.9) ukunciphisa ingozi yezinkinga zesifo sikashukela.
Imithi yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1
Umphumela wokwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela osezingeni eliphezulu uyimpilo esebenzayo, egculisayo yesiguli. Uma kungekho i-insulin engaphakathi, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuthola lokhu ukusebenzisa imijovo ye-insulin. Ukutholwa okungcono kwe-insulin kusuka ngaphandle kuzolingisa ukucwaswa kwayo okujwayelekile, imetabolism yesiguli izosondela kakhulu kuma-metabolism womzimba, amathuba we-hypo- ne-hyperglycemia azokwehla, futhi ngeke kube nezinkinga ngemikhumbi nohlelo lwezinzwa.
Njengamanje, ukwelashwa kwe-insulin kubekelwe uhlobo lwe-1 yesifo sikashukela ngaphandle kokwehluleka futhi kubhekwe njengokwelashwa okuyinhloko.
Kungakho lapho kuhlukaniswa ngezifo emhlabeni wonke lolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela kukhonjiswa njengokuncika kwe-insulin. Zonke ezinye izidakamizwa zithathwa njengezengeziwe, ukwelashwa kwazo kwenzelwe ukususa ukubonakaliswa kokumelana ne-insulin, ukunciphisa ijubane ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga ngenxa yomthamo ongafanele we-insulin:
- Ngomfutho wegazi ophakeme, kubalwa i-ACE inhibitors noma i-beta-blockers - i-Enalapril, Betaxolol, Carvedilol, Nebivolol. Ukwelashwa ngale mishanguzo kunqunyelwe ngokunyuka kwengcindezi esekufika ku-140/90 ukuze kuvikelwe isiguli kwisifo sikashukela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-nephropathy.
- Izinguquko ze-vascular zivinjelwa ngokulawula ukushisa kwegazi. Uma kuba nesidingo sokuyicindezela, ama-antiplatelet agents asetshenziselwa ukwelashwa, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi yi-aspirin ejwayelekile.
- Uma amazinga we-cholesterol egazi eqala ukudlula amanani abekwe kuwo, ama-statin anqunyelwe ukuthi avimbele ukukhiqizwa kwe-cholesterol ephansi. Ukukhethwa kwale mithi kubanzi kakhulu, imvamisa kuqukethe i-Atorvastatin noma iRosuvastatin njengento esebenzayo.
- Uma isiguli sikhuluphele ngokweqile, kungenzeka ukuthi abe ne-insulin ukumelana nayo. Lesi yisimo lapho amandla amaseli wokuthola glucose angaphazamiseka khona lapho kukhona i-insulin. I-Metformin ichazwe ukwelapha ukumelana.
Icala elihlukile elihlukile ukuphathwa kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1, lapho amasosha omzimba esanda kuqala ukwakheka. Izimpawu zokulimala kwe-pancreatic ngalesi sikhathi azikatholakali, ngakho-ke yicala kuphela elingasiza ukuthola ukubonakaliswa kwesifo sikashukela. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho kulaliswa isiguli isifo esibi segciwane noma ubuthi. Ukuvikela umonakalo owengeziwe kumaseli we-beta, ama-immunomodulators, ama-hemodialysis, ama-antidote therapy asetshenziswa. Uma ukwelashwa kwavela ngesikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela esincike ku-insulin kungancipha, kepha akekho udokotela ongakuqinisekisa ukuthi amasosha omzimba ngeke aqhubeke nokubhubhisa ama-pancreas ngokuzayo.
Ukudla Vitamin
Indlela engcono yokunikeza umzimba wakho amavithamini anele ukuba nokudla okuhlukahlukene, okunempilo. Izinhlobo zama-Vitamin zibekelwa kuphela uma kunenkinga yokudla noma izifo ezihambisana nazo ezivimbela umsoco ojwayelekile. Ukuqokwa kwamavithamini kungenzeka futhi ngokuncipha okuqhubekayo kwesifo sikashukela. Ushukela omkhulu wegazi uholela ekunyukeni kwenani lomchamo, okuphuma kulo izinto ezidingekayo zomzimba. I-Hyperglycemia inomthelela ekwakhekeni okusheshayo kwama-free radicals. Amavithamini anezakhiwo ze-antioxidant ayakwazi ukubhekana nawo.
Abakhiqizi bamalungiselelo we-Vitamin ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela bakhiqiza izakhiwo ezikhethekile. Bakhuphula inani lalezo zinto ezidalwa yisifo sikashukela okuvame kakhulu: amavithamini C, B6, B12, E, ukulandelela ama-chromium ne-zinc. Kaningi kunabanye, kunqunywa amavithamini waseJalimane Doppelherz asset kanye ne-Verwag pharma yabanesifo sikashukela, i-Alphabet Diabetes.
Ukudla
Uhlu lwemikhiqizo evunyelwe isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 selukhulile njengoba sekukhiqizwe nomuthi. Uma ngaphambili lesi sifo sidinga ukudla okungenayo i-carbohydrate, lapho-ke sekufika i-insulin yokufakelwa, ama-glucometer aphathwayo, namapeni wesirinji, ukudla kweziguli bekuya ngokuya kusondela kwesejwayelekile. Ukudla okunconywayo njengamanje akulutho njengokudla okuphelele nokunempilo.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuxilongwa isifo kutholakala ukuthi kunemikhawulo eminingi. Ngasikhathi sinye kanye nokubalwa kwe-insulin ngudokotela oya khona, ukudla nakho kubalwa. Kufanele yanele kumakhalori, amavithamini, kokuqukethwe kwezakhi. Lapho kubalwa isisindo sesiguli, ukuba khona kokukhuluphala, izinga lomsebenzi wakhe womzimba. Ngomsebenzi wokuhlala phansi, amakhalori ngekhilogremu ngalinye lesisindo azodinga ama-20, kubasubathi - amahlandla ama-2 ngaphezulu.
Ukusatshalaliswa okuhle kwezakhamzimba ngamaprotheni angama-20%, amafutha angama-25%, iningi elingakhiwanga, kanye nama-carbohydrate angama-55%.
Esigabeni sokukhethwa kokwelashwa kwe-insulin, ukondliwa kunconywa ngokwemithetho elandelayo:
- Ukudla okuvame njalo ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngokufanele - ama-snack ayi-3 futhi ayi-3.
- Ukungabikho kwezikhala ezikhona - ukweqa ukudla noma ukubambezeleka isikhathi eside.
- Ukukhishwa ngokuphelele kwama-carbohydrate asheshayo (bheka i-athikili enemininingwane mayelana nama-carbohydrate asheshayo futhi aphambili).
- Ukuthola ama-carbohydrate adingekayo ikakhulukazi ekudleni okunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwefiber.
Le mithetho ihlinzeka ngokugeleza ushukela okufana kakhulu egazini, ngakho-ke umthamo ofanele we-insulin kulula kakhulu ukukhetha. Njengoba isiguli sifunda ukulawula amazinga kashukela, ukudla kudlondlobala. Isinxephezelo esifanele sohlobo 1 sikashukela sikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ngaphandle kwemikhawulo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-insulin
Ukuze ulingise ngokunembile ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin ngokomzimba, kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo e-insulin. I-insulin ende ihlala esikhundleni sokufihlwa kwe-basal, okuqhubeka kuwo wonke umzimba ubusuku nemini. I-insulin emfushane - ukulingisa kokuphendula okusheshayo kwama-pancreas ekungeneni kwama-carbohydrate. Imvamisa, imijovo emi-2 ye-insulin esebenza isikhathi eside kanye ne-insulin okungenani emi-3 emfushane ngosuku.
Lapho nje umthamo obaliwe uguqulwa njalo ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezahlukahlukene. Izingane zidinga i-insulin ethe xaxa ngesikhathi sokukhula okusheshayo, kepha njengoba ikhula, idosi ngekhilogremu ngalinye lesisindo liyancipha. Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 nakho kudinga ukulungiswa okujwayelekile kokwelashwa, njengoba isidingo se-insulin sehluka kakhulu ngezikhathi ezihlukile.
Indlela yendabuko yokwelashwa kwe-insulin ukwethula kwemithamo engapheli ye-insulin, ebalwa ekuqaleni kwemithi. Yayisetshenziswa nangaphambi kokusungulwa kwama-glucometer aphathekayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela kusho ukuthi isiguli sinemikhawulo eminingi ekudleni, ngoba aphoqelelwa ukuthi asebenzise ukudla okubalwe kanye. Lolu hlelo lusetshenziselwa lezi ziguli ezingakwazi ukubala ngokuzimela umthamo odingekayo. Ukuphathwa okunjalo kugcwele i-hyperglycemia ejwayelekile ngenxa yamaphutha okudla.
Ukwelashwa kwe-insulin okujulile ukwethulwa kwe-insulin, kuye ngesamba esidliwayo, ushukela wegazi olinganisiwe, umsebenzi womzimba. Kusetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, Manje le yindlela engcono kakhulu yokuzivikela kushukela ophezulu kanye nezinkinga.. Lolu hlelo kulula ukubekezelela, ngoba aludingi ukubambelela ngokuqinile ekudleni. Kwanele ukwazi ukuthi mangaki ama-carbohydrate azosetshenziswa ngaphambi kokudla ngakunye, ukubala umthamo we-insulin bese uwungena ngaphambi kokudla. Izikole ezikhethekile zesifo sikashukela, lapho zonke iziguli zidluliselwa kuzo, zizosiza ukuqonda izici zokubala.
Ukubalwa komthamo we-insulin emfushane kwenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Ukudla kokudla okukodwa kuyasindwa.
- Thola ukuthi zingaki i-carbohydrate kuzo. Kulokhu, kukhona amatafula enani lomsoco lemikhiqizo. Lolu lwazi luphinde luqukethwe kwiphakheji ngayinye.
- Ama-carbohydrate aguqulwa aba amayunithi esinkwa (XE). 1 XE = 12 g wama-carbohydrate ahlanzekile.
- Umthamo ofunekayo wesidakamizwa ubalwa. Ngokuvamile, i-1 XE i-akhawunti yeyunithi engu-1 kuya ku-2 ye-insulin. Leli nani lingumuntu ngamunye futhi linqunywa ngudokotela ngokukhetha.
Isibonelo, sine-oatmeal yesidlo sasekuseni. Okusanhlamvu okwomile okusetshenziselwe yona i-50 g, imininingwane esebhokisini isikisela ukuthi kumkhiqizo oyi-100 g wama-60 g wama-carbohydrate. Ku-porridge, i-50 * 60/100 = 30 g yama-carbohydrate noma i-2,5 XE iyatholakala.
Ukwenza kahle lezi zibalo kuyizinhlelo ezikhethekile zama-smartphones ezingakwazi ukunquma kuphela inani elifanele le-insulin, kodwa futhi nokugcina izibalo kuma-carbohydrate, i-insulin, kanye namazinga kashukela. Ukuhlaziywa kwale mininingwane kuvumela ukulungiswa kwamthamo ukulawula kangcono i-glycemia.
Ngabe uthayipha ushukela ongu-1 ongalashwa kuze kube phakade
Akunakwenzeka ukwelapha isifo sikashukela sohlobo loku-1 ngezinga lamanje lokuthuthuka kwezokwelapha. Konke ukwelashwa kuncipha ekunciphiseni ukushoda kwe-insulin nokuvikela izingqinamba. Indawo ethembisayo eminyakeni ezayo ukusetshenziswa kwamaphampu we-insulin, athuthukiswa unyaka nonyaka futhi manje anganikeza isinxephezelo sikashukela esingcono kunokubalwa ngesandla kwemithamo ye-insulin.
Umbuzo uwukuthi ama-pancreas angalapheka futhi alimale amaseli abuyiselwe, ososayensi bebelokhu bebuza iminyaka eminingi.Manje basondele kakhulu kwisixazululo esiphelele senkinga yesifo sikashukela. Kusungulwe indlela yokuthola amaseli we-beta alahlekile kumaseli we-stem, kwenziwa uvivinyo lomtholampilo lowomuthi onamaseli we-pancreatic. Lawa maseli afakwa kumagobolondo akhethekile angenakulimaza ama-antibodies akhiqizwayo. Ngokuvamile, isinyathelo esisodwa nje esiya emgqeni wokuqeda.
Umsebenzi weziguli ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 uwukugcina impilo yazo ngangokunokwenzeka kuze kufike isikhathi sokubhaliswa okusemthethweni kwalo muthi, lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ngokuziqapha ngaso sonke isikhathi nangesiyalo esiqinile.
Bangaki abantu abaneshukela
Idatha yezibalo esikhathini sonke esinesifo sikashukela ayinakubizwa ngokuthi yithemba: eRussia, enesifo sohlobo loku-1, ngokwesilinganiso amadoda ahlala iminyaka engama-57, abesifazane babe neminyaka engama-61 isikhathi esimaphakathi seminyaka engama-64 no-76 ezweni, ngokulandelana. Ukushona kwezingane kanye nentsha, lapho isifo sikashukela kutholakala khona kuphela ngokuqala kwe-ketoacidosis kanye nesibindi, kuthinta izibalo. Lapho umuntu emdala, eba ngcono ukulawula isifo sakhe, lokho kuphakamisa isikhathi sokuphila sikashukela.
Isinxephezelo esanele sesifo sikashukela sisebenza ngokuyisimangaliso; iziguli ziphila zize zigugule ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Lesi sitatimende singafakazelwa yizibalo ezethulweni ngendondo kaJoslin. Lesi yisibonakaliso esikhethekile esinikezwe impumelelo empini yokulwa nesifo sikashukela. Ekuqaleni, yanikezwa zonke iziguli ezazihlala nalesi sifo iminyaka engama-25. Kancane kancane, inani labantu abanikelwayo lenyuka, isikhathi sanda. Manje umklomelo "iminyaka engama-80 unesifo sikashukela" unomuntu oyedwa, abantu abangama-65 baphila iminyaka engama-75, iminyaka engama-50 - izinkulungwane zeziguli ezinesifo sikashukela.
On the overse of the medal is phrase "Ukunqoba komuntu nomuthi." Sikhombisa ngokuphelele isimo samanje sezinto - ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 kungenzeka ukuba uphile isikhathi eside njengoba abantu abaphilile bephila, udinga nje ukusebenzisa kahle izimpumelelo zomuthi wanamuhla.
