Emzimbeni womuntu, asikho esinye isitho esifana namanyikwe. Ukwephulwa kwemisebenzi yayo kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwesifo sikashukela i-mellitus. Njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-endocrine, insimbi inamakhono angafani. Uyakwazi ukuthonya izinqubo eziningi zokuphila. Zilawulwa yi-hormone ye-insulin. Yini ebhekene nayo futhi yini ebonakalayo yesenzo sayo? Iyiphi indima ebalulekile ye-insulin emzimbeni womuntu? Ungabheka kanjani nokuthi yini ongayenza uma i-hormone yakho inganele?
Isitho se-enzyme ne-hormone ehlanganisa umzimba
I-anatomically, amanyikwe asemuva kodonga lwangemuva kwesisu. Ngakho-ke umsuka wegama lawo. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wesitho se-endocrine ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin. Le yinto ekhethekile eyimfihlo ethatha ingxenye eholayo ezinqubweni ezinhlobonhlobo.
I-Hyperfunction ye-gland ukukhiqizwa okwandayo kwehomoni. Esigulini esinjalo, isifiso sokudla siyanda, ushukela wegazi uyancipha. I-Hypofunction yesitho ihambisana nezimpawu ezihlukile, ukuchama kaningi, ukoma okhuphukayo.
Isitho sithathwa njenge-gland ehlanganisiwe yokutholwa. Inamandla okukhiqiza ujusi we-pancreatic noma we-pancreatic. Ama-enzymes ayo abamba iqhaza ngokugayeka kokugaya. Ekugcineni, umzimba uthola amandla adingekayo wobukhona obujwayelekile.
Ijusi le-pancreatic ngokubukeka luketshezi olungabonakali kombala. Inani layo kumuntu omdala onempilo li-600-700 ml. Izakhi zokukhuphuka kukhiqizwa ama-enzyme (amylase, lipase). Izinto ze-enzymatic zikhetha ukusheshisa ukuhlukaniswa kokudla zibe izingxenye, isibonelo, amaprotheni kuma-amino acid.
I-Lipase ne-bile kuthambekele emafutheni, ama-carbohydrate akhona e-amylase. Izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi (isitashi, i-glycogen) ekugcineni ziphenduka zibe ngama-saccharides alula. Kamuva, zingena ngaphansi kwethonya lama-enzyme angamathumbu, lapho imikhiqizo yokuphendula ngezigaba eziningi ekugcineni ingena egazini.
Isibonisi sesenzo
Ngabe yini ngempela i-insulin? I-Hormone ibalulekile kuwo wonke amaseli emzimbeni. Izindawo eziyinhloko zesenzo salo yisibindi, izicubu, izicubu ze-adipose. Egazini lomuntu omdala onempilo, ukuzila ukudla kufanele kube yi-insulin ebangeni le-10-20 μU / ml (0.4-0.8 ng / ml).
Kuthuthukiswe ngamanyikwe noma kungeniswe ngaphandle, i-hormone ingena emithanjeni yegazi. Yini insulin? Ngaphezu kwengxenye yenani layo ligcinwa okwesikhashana esibindini. Futhi ujoyina ngokushesha izinqubo zokulawulwa kwezinqubo ze-metabolic.
Ngenxa insulin, kwenzeka:
- ukuncishiswa kokuqhekeka kwe-glycogen nokwakheka kwayo esibindini;
- isithiyo ekuguqukeni kweshukela kusuka kwamanye amakhompiyutha;
- ukucindezelwa kokuhlanganiswa kwemizimba ye-ketone kanye nokuqhekeka kwamaprotheni kwezicubu zemisipha;
- ukwakheka kwe-glycerol kusuka kuma-molecule wamafutha.
Ngamahomoni, isibindi nezicubu zithathe iglucose egazini, umsoco wamaminerali uzinze. Izidumbu zeKetone ziyizinto eziyingozi ezakhiwa ngenxa yokuwohloka kwamafutha asezingeni eliphansi.
Kuma-pancreas, secretion yama-hormone athuthukiswa hhayi kuphela nge-glucose, kepha nangamaprotheni enziwe (ama-amino acid) angena emgodini wesisu. Kuyingozi ukuthi umuntu onesifo sikashukela azincishe ukudla kwamaprotheni isikhathi eside. Unikezwa izinsuku eziningi zokudla okusheshayo.
Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bezobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, i-insulin ehlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zomzimba nayo iyatholakala ngokwezifiso
Imisebenzi nokwakheka kwengqamuzana eliyinkimbinkimbi lamaprotheni
I-hormone inezindima eziningi. Iyonga futhi igcina amandla. Amangqamuzana emisipha nezicubu ze-adipose ngaphansi kwe-hormonal patronage amunca ngokunzulu i-15% ushukela. Ngaphezu kwesigamu sawo wonke ama-carbohydrate asesibindini aphumule kumuntu ophilile.
Isitho esizwelayo siphendula ngokushesha amazinga wegazi we-glycemic. Ukushoda kwe-insulin kuholela ekunciphiseni kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza ushukela. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezigcwele amandla adingekayo kumuntu ukuze aphile kuyawa.
I-pancreatic hormone insulinNgokukhiqizwa okujwayelekile kwama-hormone kanye ne-glucose metabolism kwezicubu, izinga lokufakwa kwe-carbohydrate ngamaseli liphansi. Ngokugcwele, izicubu ezisebenzayo ziyakuthola. Umsebenzi we-insulin ukwandisa ukongiwa kwamaprotheni emzimbeni. Ukubhujiswa kwe-pancreatic hormone kwenzeka ikakhulu esibindini. Ngenxa yayo, amangqamuzana izicubu amunca i-potassium, ukumbiwa kwe-sodium yizinso kubambezelekile.
I-molecule yamaprotheni ngokwayo inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ine-16 amino acid (ingqikithi yama-20). Ngo-1921, ososayensi bezokwelapha baseCanada bahlukanisa i-insulin emanyepini ezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Ngemuva konyaka owodwa eRussia, izifundo ezifundwe zavivinywa ngempumelelo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi inani elikhulu lama-pancreas ezilwane liyadingeka ukuthola lo muthi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlinzeka nge-hormone yesiguli esisodwa ngesifo sikashukela unyaka wonke, izitho zezingulube eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 zabandakanyeka. Manje kunezidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene ezingaphezu kwe-50. I-ejenti ye-glycemic ehlanganisiwe idlula ezigabeni ezintathu zokuzihlanza futhi ibhekwa njengehamba phambili okwamanje.
Kwezinye iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela kunesithiyo esithile ngokomqondo lapho siguqukela ekwelashweni kwe-insulin. Bazibeka engcupheni yokwenqaba imijovo yama-hormonal ngokunxeshezelwa okungalungile kwesifo. Akunakwenzeka ukungena entweni yomlomo (ngomlomo) entweni yamaprotheni. I-insulin esemzimbeni womuntu iyobhujiswa emgodini wokugaya ukudla, ingalokothi ingene egazini.
Ukuhlaziywa kokubona ukubekezelelwa kwe-glucose
Ukuhlolela ukutholwa okusolakala ukuthi unesifo sikashukela kwenziwa ngokuxutshwa ne-glucose engamanani angama-g. I-carbohydrate evela ekudleni ivuselela ukucasulwa kwehomoni. Emahoreni amabili alandelayo, isiguli sinikela ngegazi kaningana. Izinkomba zokugxilisa ushukela egazini lonke, kufaka phakathi i-venous, capillary ne-plasma, ziyahlukahluka.
Sebenzisa i-insulin kuphela njengomjovo
Kukholelwa ukuthi isifo sikashukela sitholakala ngamanani we-glycemic:
- esiswini esingenalutho - ngaphezu kwe-6.11 mmol / l;
- ngemuva kwehora eli-1 - ngaphezu kwe-9.99 mmol / l;
- ngemuva kwamahora ama-2 - 7.22 mmol / l.
Ukuhlukahluka kungenzeka lapho udayi noma amanani amabili kuphela aphezulu kunokwejwayelekile. Lokhu sekuvele kwenza ukuthi kungabazeke impilo yomuntu ngokuphelele ngendaba yesifo se-endocrine. Kulokhu, qhubeka nokuhlolwa. Kunconywa ukuthatha ukuhlaziya kwe-hemoglobin ye-glycated (ejwayelekile kuze kufike ku-7.0 mml / l). Ibonisa isilinganiso se-glycemia yesikhathi esedlule, izinyanga zokugcina ezingama-3-4.
Izinhlobo zokwelashwa kwe-insulin nokunqunywa komthamo
Yini i-insulin esigulini sikashukela? I-protein yamaprotheni ifakwa endaweni efanele emzimbeni (isisu, umlenze, ingalo) ukunxephezela ukungena kweglue glucose.
- Ngokubonakaliswa okunesifo kwesifo esiswini esingenalutho, izinga le-glycemia alidluli ngo-8.0 mmol / L. Emini akukho okushintshashintshayo okubukhali. Kutholwa ushukela emchameni (i-glycosuria). Uhlobo olunjalo lwe-glycemia lungaba yi-harbinger yalesi sifo. Uphathwa ngalesi sikhathi ngokudla okukhethekile futhi enza izivivinyo zomzimba ezingenzeka.
- Ngefomu eliphakathi, izinkomba ze-glycemia ziphezulu zifinyelela ku-14 mmol / l, i-glucosuria ibonakaliswa, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile - imizimba ye-ketone (ketoacidosis). Kulokhu, isifo sikashukela sibuye sinxephezelwe ngokudla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-hypoglycemic agents, kufaka phakathi i-insulin. Ukuphazamiseka kwesifo sikashukela sendawo ekujikelezweni kwegazi kanye nommiselo wezinzwa (angioneuropathy) kuyakhula.
- Ifomu elinzima lidinga ukwelashwa kwe-insulin njalo futhi libonakala ngamazinga aphezulu we-glycemia ne-glycosuria, esiswini esingenalutho ngaphezu kwe-14 mmol / l no-50 g / l, ngokulandelana.
Izigaba zesinxephezelo zingaba:
- okwejwayelekile
- ukukhokha okuncane
- ukuncipha.
Inhloso yokwelashwa kwe-insulin kuya ngesimo sesifo, umthamo - on the isinxephezelo isinxephezelo of carbohydrate metabolism
Ngokwesimo esilandelayo, i-coma (hyperglycemic) kungenzeka. Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo, imfuno yokuqala ukukalwa ushukela wegazi njalo. Ngokufanele, nangaphambi kokudla ngakunye. Umthamo owanele we-insulin usiza ukuqinisa i-glycemia. Kungakho i-insulin idingeka esigulini esinesifo sikashukela.
Uhlobo lwe-hormone yokufakelwa kuncike esikhathini sesenzo. Ihlukaniswe yaba mfushane futhi yinde. Owokuqala wenziwa kangcono esiswini, owesibili ethangeni. Isabelo senani ngalinye lezinsuku zonke liyahlukahluka - 50:50, 60:40 noma 40:60. Imithamo yansuku zonke iyunithi engu-0.5-1.0 ngekhilogremu yesisindo sesiguli ngasinye. Kuya ngesilinganiso sokulahleka kwenyanya kwemisebenzi yako.
Ngomthamo ngamunye ukhethwa ngawodwana futhi usungulwa ngokuhlolwa esimweni sesibhedlela. Ngemuva kwesifo sikashukela ivumelanisa nohlobo lwe-insulin therapy endaweni evamile yasekhaya. Uma kunesidingo, wenza ushintsho oluncane, oluqondiswa izindlela ezisizayo zokulinganisa (i-glucometer, imichilo yokuhlola yokuthola izidumbu ze-glucose kanye ne-ketone emchameni).
