Zonke izinqubo emzimbeni womuntu zilawulwa ngama-enzymes athile nama-hormone. Akhiqizwa izindlala zokucasha kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Okukhulu kunakho konke lokhu ngamanyikwe. Lesi yisitho sesibili ngobukhulu esiswini ngemuva kwesibindi. Le ndlala inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi yenza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu. Kuyinto enikezela izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokugaya, kanye nokufakwa kweglucose, ukuvimbela ukwanda kwesamba sayo egazini. Ngakho-ke, noma iyiphi ye-pathologies yayo iphula kabi umsebenzi obalulekile womzimba wonke.
Isimilo esivamile
Phambilini, ama-pancreas ayethathwa njengemisipha. Kungaleso sigaba sekhulu le-19 lapho kwatholakala khona ukuthi yayithuthukisa imfihlo yayo, elawula ukugaya. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngusosayensi u-N. Pavlov lwembula ukuthi imiphi imisebenzi ebalulekile amanyikwe ayenza emzimbeni womuntu.
NgesiLatin, lesi sitho sibizwa ngokuthi ama-pancreas. Ngakho-ke, isifo sakhe esiyinhloko i-pancreatitis. Kujwayelekile impela, ngoba ukusebenza okuvamile kwamanyikwe kuhlotshaniswa nazo zonke ezinye izitho zomgudu wesisu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, uxhumana nabaningi babo.
Le gland ye-pancreas ibizwa ngokuthi, yize umuntu eqotho, itholakala ngemuva kwesisu. Lesi yisitho esikhulu esinobukhulu obukhulu - usayizi wamanyikwe ngokujwayelekile usukela ku-16 kuya ku-22 cm. Unesimo esidlulile, sigoqiwe kancane. Ububanzi bawo abudluli ku-7 cm, futhi isisindo sawo singama-70-80 g Ukwakheka kwamanyikwe kwenzeka kakade ezinyangeni ezi-3 zokukhula kwengane, futhi ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwengane, ubukhulu bayo bungama-5-6 mm. Ngeminyaka eyishumi, inyuka ngezikhathi ezingama-2-3.
Indawo
Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi kubukeka kanjani ama-pancreas, abaningi abazi nokuthi kukuphi. Lesi sitho sivikeleke kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye basesiswini esiswini, njengoba sitholakala ekujuleni. Ngaphambili, imbozwe yisisu, phakathi kwabo ungqimba lwamafutha - i-omentum. Ikhanda lesikhumba, kunjengokungathi limbozwe nge-duodenum, kuthi ngemuva kwalo, umgogodla nemisipha yomgogodla ivikele.
Amanyikwe atholakala ngokuvundlile, aphakanyisiwe endaweni yonke yendawo engxenyeni engenhla. Ingxenye yayo enkulu kunazo zonke - inhloko - isezingeni le-1 nele-2 ye-lumbar vertebrae ohlangothini lwesobunxele. Ubuningi be-pancreas buphakathi nendawo phakathi kwenkaba nengxenye engezansi ye-sternum. Futhi umsila wakhe ufinyelela kwi-hypochondrium yangakwesobunxele.
Amanyikwe asemuva kwesisu
Ama-pancreas asondelana kakhulu nezitho eziningi nemikhumbi emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwesisu, ixhumana ngqo ne-duodenum, kanye nama-ducts e-bile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithinta izinso sobunxele kanye ne-adrenal gland, nokuphela kwayo - ubende. Imithambo ye-aorta, imikhumbi yezinso kanye ne-vena cava ephansi ihlobene ne-gland ngemuva, kanye ne-mesenteric artery ephambili ngaphambili. Ibuye ixhumane ne-plexus yezinzwa enkulu.
Ukwakha
Ama-anatomy we-pancreas womuntu ayinkimbinkimbi impela. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izicubu zalo zihlanganiswa nezinhlobo eziningana zamaseli futhi zimele isakhiwo esinemithwalo eningi, siqukethe izigaba ezintathu. Akukho mingcele ecacile phakathi kwabo, kepha umuntu ophile kahle onempilo uyakwazi ukubona ukuthi indlala inesimo sekhoma, etholakala ngokuma phezulu esiqongweni sesisu. Inekhanda - lokhu kuyingxenye yayo enkulu kunazo zonke, ukushuba kwayo kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela ku-7-8 cm, womzimba nomsila.
Ikhanda lesibeletho lisendandatho ye-duodenum, ngakwesokudla komaphakathi nendawo wesisu. Itholakala eduze kwesibindi kanye ne-gall bladder. Ingxenye yayo ebanzi yakha inqubo eyakheke njengengwegwe. Futhi uma uya emzimbeni, amafomu anciphisa, abizwa ngokuthi intamo. Ukwakheka komzimba wendlala kunxantathu, kunokwakheka kweprism. Le yingxenye yayo ende kunazo zonke. Umzimba mncane, ungabi ngaphezu kwama-5 cm ububanzi. Futhi umsila we-pancreas umncanyana kakhulu, ugobile kancane, futhi unesimo sesigaxa. Itholakala kwesobunxele, futhi iqondiswe phezulu phezulu. Umsila ufinyelela ebunjeni kanye emaphethelweni wesokunxele wekoloni.
Ngokomhlangano, ama-pancreas ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: inhloko, umzimba nomsila
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwama-pancreas kubonakaliswa ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezicubu. Lawa ngamaseli ajwayelekile kanye ne-stroma, okungukuthi, izicubu ezithintekayo. Kukuyo lapho kutholakala khona imithambo yegazi nemikhondo yendlala. Futhi amaseli akwenza nawo ahlukile, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zawo. Ngamunye wabo wenza imisebenzi yakhe.
Izimpawu zokuvuvukala kwe-pancreaticAmaseli e-Endocrine enza umsebenzi we-intrasecretory. Bakhiqiza ama-hormone, bese bawaphonsa ngqo egazini ngemithambo esondelene nayo. Amaseli anjalo atholakala emaqenjini ahlukile, abizwa ngokuthi ama-islets of Langerhans. Zisemsileni wamanyikwe kakhulu. Iziqhingi zaseLangerhans zakhiwa izinhlobo ezine zamaseli akhiqiza ama-hormone athile. Lawa ngamaseli we-beta, alpha, delta ne-PP.
Amangqamuzana asele - amaseli we-pancreatic cell - akha izicubu eziphambili ze-gland noma i-parenchyma. Bakhiqiza ama-enzymes wokugaya, okungukuthi, enza umsebenzi wokuhlunga noma we-exocrine. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezinjalo zamaseli okuthiwa i-acini. Ahlanganiswe ama-lobules, ngalinye lawo line-duct yalo exretory. Futhi-ke bahlanganiswa baba yinto eyodwa.
Ama-pancreas anethiwekhi ebanzi yemithambo yegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifakwe inani elikhulu lezinzwa zokuphelisa izinzwa. Lokhu kusiza ukulawula umsebenzi wayo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okujwayelekile kwama-enzyme nama-hormone. Kepha ngokunembile ngenxa yalokhu, noma yikuphi ukwelashwa kwe-gland kuholela ekubonakaleni kobuhlungu obukhulu futhi kuvame ukusakazeka kwezinye izitho zomzimba.
Amaconsi
Indima eyinhloko yamanyikwe emzimbeni womuntu ukuqinisekisa ukugaya okujwayelekile. Lokhu kungumsebenzi wakhe wokuzivikela. Ijusi le-pancreatic elikhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwe-gland lingena emgodini wokugaya ngohlelo lwe-duct. Basuka kuzo zonke izinsana ezincane ezakha umnyango ngamunye wesifo.
I-duct eyinhloko yamapancreas, exhuma ne-bile duct, ingena kwi-duodenum
Onke ama-pancreatic ducts ahlanganiswa abe munye ovamile, okuthiwa yi-Wirsung duct. Ubukhulu bawo buqala ku-2 kuye ku-4 mm, budlula bumsuka buse ekhanda lendlala cishe maphakathi, banda kancane kancane. Endaweni yekhanda, livame ukuxhuma i-bile duct. Ngokubambisana bayaphuma bangene e-duodenum badlule kwi-duodenal papilla enkulu. Indima ivalwe yi-sphincter yase-Oddi, evimbela okuqukethwe esiswini ukuthi kungangeni emuva.
I-physiology ye-pancreas inikezela ngomfutho ophakeme ku-duct yayo ejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, i-bile ayangeni lapho, ngoba ingcindezi emigodini ye-bile ingaphansi. Amanye ama-pathologies kuphela angaholela ekungeneni kwe-bile ukungena kuma-pancreas. Lokhu ukwephulwa kwemisebenzi yayo lapho secrestion ye-pancreatic juice, i-spasm ye-sphincter ye-Oddi, noma ukuphazamiseka komgodi nge-gallstone. Ngenxa yalokhu, hhayi nje kuphela ukumiswa kwesithelo se-pancreatic esiswini, kepha futhi i-bile iphonswa kuyo.
Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo kwemidumba yamanyikwe kanye nenyongo nakho kuba yisizathu sokuthi, ezinqubweni zokuvuvukala zesikhumba, i-jaundice yabantu abadala iyaqapheleka. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ingxenye ye-bile duct idlula emzimbeni wakhe futhi ingacindezelwa ngenxa ye-edema. Futhi kuholela ekusakazweni kokutheleleka kusuka kwesinye isitho kuya kwesinye.
Kwesinye isikhathi, ngenxa yokulimazeka kokukhula kokuzala, elinye lamadonsa awaxhumi nalawo ajwayelekile bese lingena ngokuzimela ngaphakathi kwe-duodenum ngaphezulu kwekhanda le-pancreatic. Ukuba khona kwe-duct enjalo eyengeziwe, ebizwa ngokuthi yiSantorius, kubonwa kubantu abangama-30%, lokhu akuyona i-pathology. Noma ngenkathi kuvinjelwa i-duct enkulu, akakwazi ukubhekana nokuphuma kwejusi le-pancreatic, ngakho-ke, akusizi ngalutho.
Imisebenzi
I-pancreas iyisitho sokufihlakala okuxubekile. Emva kwakho konke, liqukethe amaseli ahlukene, uhlobo ngalunye lukhiqiza ama-hormone athile noma ama-enzyme. Lujusi we-pancreatic okhishwe yi-gland osiza ukugaya ukudla ngokufanele. Futhi i-hormone i-insulin, ebhekele ukumuncwa kweglucose, nayo ikhiqizwa yilolu gland.
Ngakho-ke, ama-pancreas enza imisebenzi eminingana:
- ubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni zokugaya;
- kukhiqiza ama-enzymes aphambili kokuqhekeka kwamaprotheni, amafutha kanye nama-carbohydrate;
- kukhiqiza i-insulin neglucagon ukulawula amazinga kashukela.
Ukuze indlala ikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yayo kahle, ukuhlangana kwezinto eziningi kuyadingeka. Impilo yakhe incike ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kwesibindi, isimangalo senyongo, i-duodenum, ukugeleza kwegazi okufanele nokusatshalaliswa kokudluliselwa kwezinzwa. Konke lokhu kuthinta imisebenzi yayo, inqwaba nesakhiwo sayo. Ubungako obujwayelekile be-pancreas kumuntu ophile kahle akumele budlule ama-23 cm. Futhi ukwanda kwawo kungakhombisa noma iyiphi i-pathology.
Amanyikwe enza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwinqubo yokugaya ukudla.
Umsebenzi wokugaya
Ama-pancreas akhiqiza ujusi we-pancreatic, oqukethe ama-enzyme adingekayo ukuze kuqhekeke amaprotheni, amafutha kanye ne-carbohydrate evela ekudleni. Sekukonke, kukhiqizwa cishe u-600 ml wejusi ngosuku, kwesinye isikhathi inani laso lingakhuphukela ku-2000 ml. Futhi uhlobo nenani lama-enzyme kuncike ezimweni zokudla kwabantu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-pancreas angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa ngokunembile kwalawo ma-enzyme adingekayo okwamanje.
Ukukhiqizwa kwejusi le-pancreatic kuqala ngemuva kokudla okungena esiswini. Yize imvamisa le nqubo iqala ukubonakala kokudla noma kusuka ekuholeni iphunga layo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, isinali liza ngemicu yezinzwa liye kumaseli we-gland, liqala ukukhiqiza izinto ezithile.
Ama-enzymes akhiqizwa ngamanyikwe akhiqizwa ngesimo esingasebenzi, ngoba anolaka impela futhi angakwazi ukugaya izicubu zesikhumba uqobo. Zisebenza kuphela ngemuva kokungena kwi-duodenum. Kukhona i-enokme Enterokinase. Isebenza ngokushesha i-trypsin, okuyisishoshovu kuwona wonke amanye ama-enzymes. Uma, ngaphansi kwe-pathologies ethile, i-Enterokinase ingena kumanyikwe, wonke ama-enzyme ayasebenza futhi izicubu zawo ziqala ukugaywa. Kukhona ukuvuvukala, khona-ke i-necrosis kanye nokubhujiswa okuphelele kwesitho.
Ama-enzymes amakhulu akhiqizwa yilesi gland aqhekeza amaprotheni, amafutha kanye nama-carbohydrate.
Le ndlala ifukamela ama-enzyme ahlukahlukene. Abanye babo bayakwazi ukubhidliza amaprotheni, ama-amino acid, ama-nucleotide, abanye basiza ekugayeni kwamafutha nasekufakweni kwama-carbohydrate:
- Ama-Nucleases - i-ribonuclease ne-deoxyribonucicela yephule iDNA ne-RNA zezinto zakwamanye amazwe ezingena emgodini wokugaya ukudla.
- Amaprotheni abandakanyeka ekuwohlokeni kwamaprotheni. Kunama-enzymes amaningi: i-trypsin ne-chymotrypsin ephula lawo maprotheni asevele egaywe ngokwengxenye esiswini, i-carboxypeptidase iphula ama-amino acid, bese kuthi i-elastase ne-collagenase kubhidlize amaprotheni wezicubu ezithintekayo nefayilithi lokudla.
- Ama-enzymes aphula amafutha abaluleke kakhulu. Le lipase, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ebandakanyeka ekwenziweni kwamavithamini ancibilikisa amafutha, ne-phospholipase, isheshisa ukumuncwa kwama-phospholipids.
Ama-enzyme amaningi atholwe ngamanyikwe ukuze aphule ama-carbohydrate. U-Amylase ubandakanyeka ukumuncwa kwe-glucose, wephula ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, ne-lactase, i-sucrose ne-maltase secrete glucose ezintweni ezihambisanayo.
Amaseli akhethekile asesiqhingini saseLangerhans akhiqiza i-insulin neglucagon.
Umsebenzi weHormonal
Bambalwa abantu abacabanga ukuthi ama-pancreas yini. Imvamisa bafunda ngakho uma kuvela uhlobo oluthile lwe-pathology. Futhi okuvame kakhulu kulokhu isifo sikashukela. Lesi sifo sihambisana nokuthathwa koshukela abonakele. Le nqubo ihlinzekwa yi-insulin, i-hormone ekhiqizwa yi-pancreas uqobo. Uma ukukhiqizwa kwayo kuphazamiseka, inani le-glucose egazini liyenyuka.
Amaseli athile we-pancreatic akhiwe eziqhingini zaseLangerhans akhiqiza ama-hormone ukulawula ukumunwa kwama-carbohydrate, kanye nokwenza inqubo izinqubo ze-metabolic zijwayelekile.
- I-insulin ikhuthaza ukuguqulwa kweglucose ibe yi-glycogen. Le nto inganqwabelana izicubu zemisipha nesibindi, iguqukele lapho kudingeka.
- IGlucagon inomphumela ophambene: iphula i-glycogen bese iyiguqula ibe ushukela.
- ISomatostatin iyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwamanye ama-hormone nama-enzyme.
- I-pancreatic polypeptide ivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwejusi yesisu.
Umuntu ngamunye kudingeka aqonde ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi ebalulekile eyenziwe ng amanyikwe. Ubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni ze-metabolic, ugcina amazinga ashukela ajwayelekile, ahlinzeka ukugaya. Ukwephulwa okuhlukahlukene komsebenzi wakhe kuthinta isimo sempilo esijwayelekile futhi kunciphisa izinga lempilo yomuntu.
