Zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile zomzimba zilawulwa ngamahomoni. Izindlala zazo ze-endocrine zikhiqizwa. Kulokhu, indlala enkulu kunazo zonke ama-pancreas. Akagcini ngokubamba iqhaza kwinqubo yokugaya, kodwa futhi wenza imisebenzi ye-endocrine. Ama-pancreatic hormone akhiqizwa amaseli ayo ayadingeka enkambweni ejwayelekile ye-carbohydrate metabolism.
Isimilo esivamile
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-pancreas ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzymes we-pancreatic. Ilawula ngosizo lwabo izinqubo zokugaya. Basiza ukwehlisa amaprotheni, amafutha kanye nama-carbohydrate eza nokudla. Ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-97 wamaseli we-gland abhekene nokukhiqizwa kwawo. Futhi cishe yi-2% kuphela yevolumu yayo ethathwa izicubu ezikhethekile, ezibizwa nge- "islets of Langerhans." Bangamaqembu amancane amaseli akhiqiza ama-hormone. Lezi zingqimba zitholakala ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke ama-pancreas.
Amaseli we-endocrine gland akhiqiza ama-hormone athile abalulekile. Banesakhiwo esikhethekile ne-physiology. Lezi zingxenye zezindlala lapho iziqhingi zaseLangerhans zitholakala zingenayo imigodi yokudonsela phansi. Imithambo yegazi eningi kuphela, lapho ama-hormone athola khona ngqo, izungeze. Ngama-pathologies ahlukahlukene we-pancreas, lezi zingqimba zamaseli e-endocrine zivame ukulimala. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lama-hormone akhiqizwayo lingancipha, okuthinta kabi isimo somzimba jikelele.
Ukwakheka kweziqhingi zeLangerhans kuyinto enkulukazi. Ososayensi bahlukanise wonke amangqamuzana abawenza abe zinhlobo ezi-4 futhi bathola ukuthi ngalinye likhiqiza ama-hormone athile:
- cishe ama-70% omthamo wama-islets ama-Langerhans ahlala amaseli we-beta ahlanganisa i-insulin;
- endaweni yesibili ngokubaluleka kukhona amaseli we-alpha, enza ama-20% alezi izicubu, akhiqiza i-glucagon;
- Amangqamuzana eDelta akhiqiza i- somatostatin, enza okungaphansi kwe-10% yendawo yeziqhingi zaseLangerhans;
- okungenani kwakho konke, kunamaseli we-PP abhekele ukwenziwa kwe-pancreatic polypeptide;
- ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamanani amancane, ingxenye ye-endocrine yamanyikwe ihlanganisa amanye ama-hormone: i-gastrin, i-thyroliberin, i-amylin, i-c-peptide.
Iningi leziqhingi zaseLangerhans ngamaseli e-beta akhiqiza i-insulin
Insulin
Le yihomoni eyinhloko ye-pancreatic enomphumela omubi kuma-carbohydrate metabolism emzimbeni. Nguye obhekele ukuguqulwa kwamazinga kashukela kanye nesilinganiso sokutholwa kwawo ngamaseli ahlukene. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu ojwayelekile, kude nemithi, azi ukuthi ama-pancreas akhiqiza ama-hormone, kodwa wonke umuntu uyazi ngeqhaza le-insulin.
Le hormone ikhiqizwa ngamaseli e-beta, okuyiwo ahlala impela eziqhingini zeLangerhans. Akukhiqizwa kwenye indawo emzimbeni. Futhi njengoba umuntu ekhula, la maseli ahamba kancane kancane, ngakho-ke inani le-insulin liyancipha. Lokhu kungachaza iqiniso lokuthi isibalo sabantu abanesifo sikashukela sanda ngeminyaka.
I-hormone i-insulin iyisakhi samaprotheni - i-polypeptide emfushane. Akukhiqizwa ngokuqhubekayo ngendlela efanayo. Kwenza ukuthi kukhiqizwe ukwanda kwenani loshukela egazini. Ngempela, ngaphandle kwe-insulin, ushukela awukwazi ukudonswa amangqamuzana ezitho eziningi. Futhi imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko yikhona ngqo ukuthi ukuze kusheshiswe ukudluliswa kwama-molecule we-glucose kumaseli. Le yinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-glucose ayikho egazini, kepha ifika lapho idingeka khona impela - ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwamaseli.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, i-insulin yenza umsebenzi omuhle:
- Ikhuthaza ukukhuphuka kwenani lama-receptor athile kululwelwesi lwamaseli azwela ushukela. Ngenxa yalokhu, imvume yazo iyanda, futhi ushukela ungena kalula.
- Isebenza ama-enzyme ahilelekile ku-glycolysis. Le yinqubo ye-oxidation kanye nokuqhekeka kweglucose. Kwenzeka ngezinga eliphakeme egazini lakhe.
- Kucindezela amanye ama-hormone isenzo sawo siqondiswe ekukhiqizeni ushukela esibindini. Lokhu kugwema ukwandisa inani laso egazini.
- Inika ukuthutha kwe-glucose kwezicubu zomzimba nezinamafutha, kanye namaseli wezitho ezahlukahlukene.
Kodwa i-insulin ayigcini nje ngokunciphisa amazinga kashukela. Yonke i-physiology yomzimba incike kuyo. Ngempela, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi uhlinzeka izitho ngamandla, ubamba iqhaza kwezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, ukukhulisa ukuvama kwe-membrane yeseli, i-insulin ihlinzeka ngosawoti ojwayelekile we-potassium, i-magnesium ne-phosphorus. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yalokhu, amangqamuzana athola amaprotheni amaningi, futhi ukubola kwe-DNA kuyehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-insulin ilawula imetabolism yamafutha. Ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwengqimba yama-subcutaneous fat futhi ivimbela ukungena kwemikhiqizo yokuqhekeka kwamafutha egazini. Iphinde ivuse ukuhlanganiswa kweRNA, iDNA kanye ne-nucleic acid.
I-insulin ilawula ushukela wegazi
I-Glucagon
Le yihomoni yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu ye-pancreatic. Ikhiqiza amaseli we-alpha, ahlala cishe ama-22% wevolumu yeziqithi zeLangerhans. Ngokwesakhiwo, kuyafana ne-insulin - futhi yi-polypeptide emfushane. Kepha umsebenzi wenza okuphambene ngqo. Ayinciphi, kepha yandisa izinga le-glucose egazini, ivuselela ukuphuma kwayo ezindaweni zokugcina.
I-pancreas ifaka i-glucagon lapho inani le-glucose egazini lincipha. Ngemuva kwakho konke, yona kanye ne-insulin, kuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-glucagon synthesis iyanda uma kunokutheleleka egazini noma ukwanda kwamazinga e-cortisol, ngomzimba owandayo noma ukwanda kwesilinganiso sokudla kwamaprotheni.
I-Glucagon yenza imisebenzi ebalulekile emzimbeni: inomthelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-glycogen kanye nokukhishwa kweglucose egazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvusa ukuwohloka kwamaseli wamafutha nokusetshenziswa kwawo njengomthombo wamandla. Futhi ngokwehla kwenani le-glucose egazini, i-glucagon iyikhipha kwezinye izinto.
Le hormone nayo ineminye imisebenzi ebalulekile:
- kuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwegazi ezinso;
- kwehlisa i-cholesterol;
- kuvuselela amandla wesibindi ukuvuselela;
- ivimbela ukukhula kwe-edema, ngoba isusa i-sodium emzimbeni.
Lezi zinto ezimbili zinesibopho sokugcina inani elijwayelekile le-glucose, kodwa ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ukuntuleka kwabo, kanye nokuningi, kungaholela ekuphazamisweni kwe-metabolic kanye nokuvela kwama-pathologies ahlukahlukene. Ngokungafani ne-insulin, ukukhiqizwa kwe-glucagon akugcini kuma-pancreas. Le hormone ikhiqizwa nakwezinye izindawo, njengamathumbu. I-40% yeglucagon kuphela eyenziwe ngamaseli we-alpha.
Ngokuzivocavoca okwandayo, izinga le-glucose egazini liyancipha, futhi amanyikwe ashukumisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-glucagon
Somatostatin
Lokhu kungenye i-pancreatic hormone ebalulekile. Imisebenzi yayo ingaqondwa ngegama - imisa ukuvela kwamanye ama-hormone. ISomatostatin akhiqizwa kuphela ngamaseli e-pancreatic. Umthombo wayo yi-hypothalamus, amanye amaseli ezinzwa, nezitho zokugaya ukudla.
ISomatostatin iyadingeka lapho kukhiqizwa amanye ama-hormone amaningi, okuholela ekuphazanyisweni okuhlukahlukene emzimbeni. Ibambezela izinqubo ezithile, ivimba ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone athile noma ama-enzyme. Yize umphumela we-somatostatin uthinta kuphela izitho zokugaya nezinqubo ze-metabolic, indima yayo yinhle kakhulu.
Le hormone yenza imisebenzi elandelayo:
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin emzimbeni- kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-glucagon;
- kubambezela ukuguquguquka kokudla okugayishwe esiswini kuya emathunjini;
- kunciphisa umsebenzi wejusi esiswini;
- ivimbela ukucasulwa kwe-bile;
- kubambezela ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzymes e-pancreatic kanye ne-gastrin;
- kunciphisa ukumunca ushukela ekudleni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-somatostatin iyisakhi esiyinhloko sezidakamizwa eziningi zokwelapha ukwehluleka okuthile kwe-hormonal. Isibonelo, kuyaphumelela ekunciphiseni ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwe-hormone yokukhula.
I-Pancreatic Polypeptide
Kukhona nama-hormone epancreatic angabalulekile kangako, akhiqizwa kancane kakhulu. Enye yazo i-pancreatic polypeptide. Yatholakala kamuva nje, ngakho-ke imisebenzi yayo ibingakahlolisiswa ngokuphelele. Le hormone ikhiqizwa kuphela ngamanyikwe - amaseli ayo e-PP, kanye nasezitsheni. Uyifihla lapho idla inani lamaprotheni lokudla noma amanoni, ngokuzikhandla ngokwengeziwe komzimba, indlala kanye ne-hypoglycemia enzima.
Ososayensi baqaphele ukuthi kubantu abakhuluphele kunokuntuleka kwe-pancreatic polypeptide
Lapho le hormone ingena egazini, ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzymes e-pancreatic kuvinjelwe, ukukhishwa kwe-bile, trypsin ne-bilirubin kuncishisiwe, kanye nokuqabuleka kwemisipha ye-gallbladder. Kuyavela ukuthi i-pancreatic polypeptide isindisa ama-enzymes futhi ivimbele ukulahleka kwe-bile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilawula inani le-glycogen esibindini. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokukhuluphala kanye namanye ama-metabolic pathologies, ukuntuleka kwale hormone kuyabonakala. Futhi ukwanda kwezinga laso kungaba uphawu lwesifo sikashukela noma ama-tumors ancike ku-hormone.
Ukungasebenzi kwehomoni
Izinqubo zokuvuvukala nezinye izifo zamanyikwe zingalimaza amaseli lapho kukhiqizwa khona ama-hormone. Lokhu kuholela ekubukekeni kwama-pathologies ahlukahlukene ahambisana nokuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic. Imvamisa, ngokwe-hypofunction yamaseli e-endocrine, ukuntuleka kwe-insulin kuyabonakala bese kuthi isifo sikashukela siqaleke. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani le-glucose egazini liyakhuphuka, futhi alikwazi ukudonswa amaseli.
Ekubonakalweni kwe-endocrine pancreatic pathologies, kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwegazi nomchamo we-glucose. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukubonisana nodokotela ukuze ahlolwe lapho kusolwa okuncane kokungasebenzi kwalesi sitho, ngoba ezigabeni zokuqala kulula ukwelapha noma iyiphi i-pathologies. Ukunqunywa okulula kwenani le-glucose egazini akuvezi njalo ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela. Uma lesi sifo sisolwa, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwe-biochemistry, izivivinyo zokubekezelela ushukela kanye nezinye kwenziwa. Kepha ukuba khona kwe-glucose kumchamo kuwuphawu lwenkambo yesifo sikashukela esibi.
Ukuntuleka kwamanye ama-hormone e-pancreatic akuvamile. Imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka phambi kwama-tumors ancike kuma-hormone noma ekufeni kwenombolo enkulu yamaseli e-endocrine.
Amanyikwe enza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni. Ayinikezi kuphela ukugaya okujwayelekile. Ama-hormone akhiqizwa amaseli awo ayadingeka ukuze ijwayele inani le-glucose futhi aqinisekise ukuthi umzimba we-carbohydrate metabolism.
