Into yokuqala edinga ukushiwo esihlokweni mayelana nezindlela ezintsha zokwelapha isifo sikashukela ukungathembeli kakhulu esibonelweni, kepha yenza ushukela wakho wegazi ube usujwayelekile manje. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele ugcwalise uhlelo lokulashwa kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-1 noma uhlobo lwenkinga yesifo sikashukela 2. Ucwaningo ngezindlela ezintsha zokwelapha ushukela luyaqhubeka, futhi kungekudala, ososayensi bazophumelela. Kepha kuze kube yilesi sikhathi esijabulisayo, mina nawe sisadinga ukuphila. Futhi, uma i-pancreas yakho isakhiqiza i-insulin yayo okungenani inani elithile, khona-ke kuyinto efiselekayo kakhulu ukuligcina leli khono, hhayi ukuliyeka liphele.
Ucwaningo olwenzelwe ukwelashwa okusha kwesifo sikashukela luye lwagxila ekutholeni amakhambi asebenzisa uhlobo lweshukela sikashukela ukuze asindise iziguli ekuthini zifake i-insulin. Ngohlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela, namuhla ungakwenza ngaphandle kwe-insulin emaphesheni angama-90%, uma usibhekisisa ngokudla okuphansi kwe-carbohydrate futhi uvivinya injabulo. Ku-athikili engezansi, uzofunda kulezi zindawo lapho kwenziwa khona izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha ushukela onesifo sikashukela sokuqala, kanye ne-LADA, i-mellitus yesifo sikashukela sekwephuzile.
Khumbula ukuthi i-insulin emzimbeni womuntu ikhiqiza amaseli e-beta, atholakala eziqhingini zeLangerhans kumanyikwe. Uhlobo 1 sikashukela luba khona ngoba amasosha omzimba abhubhisa iningi lamaseli we-beta. Kungani amasosha omzimba eqala ukuhlasela amangqamuzana e-beta angakakakhiwa ngokunembile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lokhu kuhlaselwa kuvusa ezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (i-rubella), nokwazi usana ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngobisi lwenkomo kanye nefa elingaphumelelanga. Umgomo wokwenza izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha ushukela ukubuyisela inani elijwayelekile lamaseli e-beta asebenzayo.
Njengamanje, izindlela eziningi ezintsha zenziwa zokuxazulula le nkinga. Zonke zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu ezi-3:
- ukufakelwa kwamanyikwe, izicubu noma amaseli awo ngamanye;
- ukulungisa kabusha ("cloning") of cell beta;
- i-immunomodulation - yeka ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha omzimba kumaseli we-beta.
Ukudluliselwa kwamanyikwe kanye namaseli e-beta ngamanye
Ososayensi nodokotela njengamanje banamathuba amaningi kakhulu wokusebenza kokufakelwa. Ubuchwepheshe buye bathathela igxathu elikhulu phambili; isisekelo solwazi lwesayensi nokusebenza emkhakheni wokufakelwa nakho kukhula njalo. Bazama ukuhambisa izinto ezi-bio ezahlukahlukene kubantu abanesifo sikashukela sokuqala: kusuka kuwo wonke amanyikwe kuya kwezicubu namangqamuzana akhe. Imisakazo eyinhloko elandelayo yesayensi iyahlukaniswa, ngokuya ngalokho okuhlongozwayo ukufudukisa iziguli:
- ukufakelwa kwengxenye yamanyikwe;
- ukudluliselwa kweziqhingi zamaLangerhans noma amaseli we-beta ngamanye;
- ukufakelwa kwamaseli we-stem aguquliwe ukuze amaseli we-beta angatholakala kuwo.
Kutholwe isipiliyoni esibalulekile ekwenzeni ukufakelwa kwezinso okunikelayo kanye nengxenye yama-pancreas ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 esiqale ukwehluleka kwezinso. Izinga lokusinda kweziguli ngemuva kokuhlinzwa okunjalo okuhlangene kokudlulela manje lidlula i-90% ngonyaka wokuqala. Into esemqoka ukukhetha izidakamizwa ezifanele ekuqasheni okwenqatshelwa amasosha omzimba.
Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa okunjalo, iziguli zikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwe-insulin iminyaka engu-1-2, kepha khona-ke umsebenzi wamapancanyana agqitshwayo ukukhiqiza i-insulin ulahlekile ngokungenakuvinjwa. Ukusebenza kokudluliselwa okuhlanganisiwe kwinso futhi ingxenye yamanyikwe kwenziwa kuphela ezimweni ezinzima zesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 esiyinkimbinkimbi yi-nephropathy, isb., Ukulimala kwezinso likashukela. Ezimweni ezinesifo sikashukela esincane, akunconywa ukusebenza okunjalo. Ingozi yezinkinga ngesikhathi nangemva kokuhlinzwa iphakeme kakhulu futhi idlula inzuzo engabakhona. Ukuthatha umuthi ukucindezela amasosha omzimba kubangela imiphumela emibi, futhi noma kunjalo, kunethuba elikhulu lokwenqatshwa.
Ukuphenywa kwamathuba okudluliswa kwama-islets weLangerhans noma amaseli we-beta ngamunye kusigaba sokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuthutha iziqithana zeLangerhans kuyathembisa kakhulu kunamaseli we-beta ngamanye. Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwale ndlela ekwelashweni kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 kusesekude kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamaseli we-stem ukubuyisa inani lamaseli we-beta bekuludaba locwaningo oluningi emithini emisha yokwelapha isifo sikashukela. Amaseli we-stem amangqamuzana anekhono elihlukile lokwakha amaseli "akhethekile" amasha, kufaka phakathi amaseli we-beta akhiqiza i-insulin. Ngosizo lwamaseli we-stem, bazama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaseli amasha e-beta avela emzimbeni, hhayi kuphela kumanyikwe, kodwa futhi esibindini nasezindongeni. Kuzoba isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba le ndlela isetshenziswe ngokuphepha nangendlela efanele ukwelapha isifo sikashukela kubantu.
Ukuzala kabusha nokuhlanganiswa kwamaseli we-beta
Abaphenyi okwamanje bazama ukwenza ngcono izindlela “zokuhambisa” amaseli e-pancreatic beta elabhoratri ekhiqiza i-insulin. Ngokusemqoka, lo msebenzi usuxazululiwe; manje kudingeka senze inqubo ibe nkulu futhi ingabizi. Ososayensi bahlala behamba ngale ndlela. Uma amaseli we-beta anele "asatshalaliswa", angadluliselwa kalula emzimbeni wesiguli esine-Type 1 sikashukela, bese eselapha.
Uma amasosha omzimba angaqali ukubhubhisa futhi amaseli we-beta, khona-ke ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin okuvamile kungagcinwa impilo yakho yonke. Uma ukuhlaselwa kwe-autoimmune kuma-pancreas kuqhubeka, isiguli sidinga nje ukufaka enye ingxenye yamangqamuzana akhe e-beta "cloned". Le nqubo ingaphindwa kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Eziteshini zama-pancreas, kukhona amaseli "angaphambili" amaseli we-beta. Olunye ukwelashwa okusha kwesifo sikashukela okuthembisayo kungenzeka ukuthi kugqugquzele ukuguqulwa "kwangaphambi kwesikhathi" kumaseli e-beta agcwele. Konke okudingayo umjovo we-protein wokugcina weprotein okhethekile. Le ndlela manje iyahlolwa (isivele isesidlangalaleni!) Ezikhungweni zocwaningo eziningana ukuhlola ukusebenza kwayo nemiphumela emibi.
Enye inketho ukwethula izinhlobo zofuzo ezibhekene nokukhiqizwa kwe-insulin kumaseli wesibindi noma izinso. Besebenzisa le ndlela, ososayensi sebekwazi ukwelapha isifo sikashukela kumagundane abeletha, kodwa ngaphambi kokuqala ukusivivinya ebantwini, kusenezihibe eziningi ezisadinga ukunqotshwa.
Izinkampani ezimbili zokuncintisana ze-bio-technology zivivinya enye futhi indlela entsha yokwelapha isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1. Basikisela ukusebenzisa injekishini yamaprotheni akhethekile ukuvuselela amaseli e-beta ukuze andise khona kanye ngaphakathi kwamanyikwe. Lokhu kungenziwa kuze kube yilapho wonke amaseli e-beta alahlekile ethathelwa indawo. Ezilwaneni, le ndlela kubikwa ukuthi isebenza kahle. Inhlangano enkulu yemithi u-Eli Lilly ujoyine ucwaningo
Ngazo zonke izindlela zokwelapha ushukela ezintsha ezibalwe ngenhla, kunenkinga evamile - amasosha omzimba ayaqhubeka nokubhubhisa amangqamuzana amasha e-beta. Isigaba esilandelayo sichaza izindlela ezingaba khona zokuxazulula le nkinga.
Ungayinqanda Kanjani Ukuhlaselwa Kokuhlasela Kwezifo Zeseli yeBeta
Iningi leziguli ezinesifo sikashukela, ngisho nalezo ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1, zigcina inani elincane lamaseli e-beta aqhubeka nokuphindaphindeka. Ngeshwa, amasosha omzimba alaba bantu akhiqiza imizimba yegazi emhlophe ebhubhisa amaseli we-beta ngezinga elifanayo njengoba ziphindaphindeka, noma ngokushesha okukhulu.
Uma kungenzeka ukwehlukanisa amasosha omzimba kumaseli we-beta, lapho ososayensi bazokwazi ukudala umuthi wokugoma kubo. Ukufakwa komjovo lo mgomo kuzovuselela amasosha omzimba ukuqothula la ma-antibodies. Ngemuva kwalokho amaseli we-beta asindile azokwazi ukuzala ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, futhi ngenxa yalokho isifo sikashukela siyelapheka. Ababenesifo sikashukela bangadinga imijovo ephindaphindiwe yomjovo njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Kepha lokhu akuyona inkinga, uma kuqhathaniswa nomthwalo ophethwe iziguli zikashukela manje.
Ukwelashwa Okusha Kwesifo Sikashukela: Okutholakele
Manje uyaqonda ukuthi kungani kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina amaseli we-beta oshiye ephila? Okokuqala, kwenza isifo sikashukela sibe lula. Uma kungcono ukukhiqizwa kwakho kwe-insulin kulondolozwe, kuba lula ukulawula lesi sifo. Okwesibili, abanesifo sikashukela abagcine amaseli e-beta bukhoma bazoba abagqatswa bokuqala bezokwelashwa besebenzisa izindlela ezintsha ngokushesha okukhulu. Ungasiza amaseli wakho we-beta ukuba aphile uma ulonda ushukela wegazi ojwayelekile futhi ufake i-insulin ukuze wehlise umthwalo kumanyikwe. Funda kabanzi mayelana nokwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1.
Abantu abaningi abasanda kutholakala ukuthi banesifo sikashukela, okubandakanya nabazali bezingane ezinesifo sikashukela, bebelokhu bedonsa isikhathi eside kakhulu ngokuqala kokwelashwa kwe-insulin. Kukholelwa ukuthi uma udinga imijovo ye-insulin, khona-ke lapho onesifo sikashukela enonyawo olulodwa ethuneni. Iziguli ezinje zincike kuma-charlatans, futhi ekugcineni, amaseli we-beta wamanyikwe ashabalaliswa yilowo nalowo, ngenxa yokungazi kwawo. Ngemuva kokufunda le ndatshana, uyaqonda ukuthi kungani bezincisha ithuba lokusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha isifo sikashukela, noma ngabe zibonakala kungekudala.
