I-insulin yi-protein-peptide hormone ekhiqizwa amaseli we-pancreatic beta.
I-molecule ye-insulin esakhiweni sayo inamaketanga amabili e-polypeptide. I-chain eyodwa inama-amino acid angama-21, kanti elesibili linama-30 amino acid. Amaketanga axhumekile esebenzisa amabhuloho e-peptide. Isisindo semolekyuli cishe singama-5700. Cishe kuzo zonke izilwane, i-molecule ye-insulin iyafana, ngaphandle kwamagundane kanye namagundane, i-insulin ezindongeni zezilwane ihlukile kune-insulin kwezinye izilwane. Omunye umehluko phakathi kwe-insulin kumagundane ukuthi ikhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili.
Ukufana okukhulu kakhulu kwesakhiwo esiyinhloko kuphakathi kwe-insulin yabantu neyengulube.
Ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi ye-insulin kungenxa yokuba khona kwekhono layo lokuxhumana nama-receptors athize atholakala endaweni engaphezulu kolwelwesi lweseli. Ngemuva kokusebenzisana, kwakhiwa i-insulin receptor complex. Ukudalwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kungena ngaphakathi kuseli bese kuthinta inani elikhulu lezinqubo ze-metabolic.
Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, ama-insulin receptors atholakala cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamangqamuzana umzimba owakhiwe kuwo. Kodwa-ke, amaseli okuqondiwe, angama-hepatocytes, ama-myocyte, ama-lipocytes, atheleka kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwento eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwe-receptor ne-insulin.
I-insulin iyakwazi ukuthonya cishe zonke izitho nezicubu zomzimba womuntu, kepha izisulu zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu izicubu zemisipha ne-adipose.
Futhi
INsulin ngumlawuli obalulekile we-carbohydrate metabolism emzimbeni. I-hormone ithuthukisa ukuthuthwa kweglucose ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lweseli nokusetshenziswa kwayo yizakhiwo zangaphakathi.
Ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-insulin, i-glycogen yenziwa amangqamuzana esibindi kusuka kushukela. Umsebenzi owengeziwe we-insulin ukucindezelwa kokuqhekeka kwe-glycogen nokuguqulwa kwayo kube ushukela.
Uma kwenzeka kwephula umthetho wenqubo yokukhiqiza ama-hormone, kuqubuka izifo ezahlukahlukene, esinye sazo isifo sikashukela.
Esimweni lapho kushoda khona i-insulin emzimbeni, ukuphathwa kwayo kusuka ngaphandle kuyadingeka.
Kuze kube manje, osokhemisi baxube izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zale khompiyutha, ezahluka ngezindlela eziningi.
Izimiso zokuhlukaniswa kwamalungiselelo we-insulin
Wonke amalungiselelo e-insulin anamuhla akhiqizwa yizinkampani zemithi zomhlaba ahlukile ngezindlela eziningi. Izici eziphambili zokuhlukaniswa kwe-insulin yilezi:
- imvelaphi
- ijubane lokungena ekusebenzeni lapho kwethulwa emzimbeni kanye nesikhathi somphumela wokwelapha;
- izinga lokumsulwa komuthi kanye nendlela yokuhlanzwa kwehomoni.
Ngokuya ngemvelaphi, ukuhlukaniswa kwamalungiselelo we-insulin kufaka phakathi:
- I-Natural - biosynthetic - Izidakamizwa zemvelo yemvelo zenziwa kusetshenziswe pancreas wezinkomo. Izindlela ezinjengalezi zokukhiqizwa kwamateyipu we-insulin GPP, i-Ultralente MS. I-Actrapid insulin, i-insPrap insPr, i-monotard MS, i-semilent kanye nabanye abanye kukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izingulube zenyama yengulube.
- Imithi yokwenziwa kwe-insulin noma yokwenziwa kwezinhlobo ezithile ze-insulin. Le mishanguzo yenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. I-insulin ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-DNA recombinant. Le ndlela yenza ama-insulin afana ne-actrapid NM, i-homofan, isofan NM, i-humulin, i-ultratard NM, i-monotard NM, njll.
Ngokuya ngezindlela zokuzihlanza nobumsulwa bomuthi obangelwa, i-insulin ihlukaniswa:
- i-crystallized futhi engashintshiwe - i-ruppa ifaka iningi le-insulin yendabuko. Ezikhiqizwe ngaphambilini ngensimu yeRussian Federation, okwamanje leli qembu lezidakamizwa alikhiqizwa eRussia;
- kufakwe amakristalu futhi kuhlungwa ngamagiya, amalungiselelo aleli qembu anombala owodwa noma munye;
- kufakwe i-crystallized futhi yahlanzwa kusetshenziswa ama-gels nama-ion exchange chromatography, ukufakwa kwe-monocomponent kungokwalolu qembu.
Iqembu le-crystallized futhi elihlanjululwe ngama-molecule sieved kanye ne-ion chromatography kufaka phakathi i-Actrapid, Insulrap, Actrapid MS, Semilent MS, Monotard MS ne-Ultlente MS insulins.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezidakamizwa ngokuya ngesivinini sokuqala komphumela kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngesivinini kanye nesikhathi sezenzo ze-insulin kufaka phakathi amaqembu alandelayo emithi.
Izidakamizwa ngesenzo esisheshayo nesifushane. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izidakamizwa ezifana ne-Actrapid, Actrapid MS, Actrapid NM, Insulrap, Homorap 40, Insuman Rapid nabanye. Isikhathi sokusebenza sale mishanguzo siqala imizuzu eyi-15 kuya kwengama-30 ngemuva kokuthi idosi lelo selinikezwe isiguli esinesifo sikashukela i-mellitus. Isikhathi somphumela wokwelapha ubonwa amahora angama-6-8 ngemuva komjovo.
Imithi enesikhathi esilinganiselwe sesenzo. Leli qembu lezidakamizwa lifaka iSemilent MS; - I-Humulin N, i-Humulin tape, i-Homofan; - I-tepi, i-tepi ye-MS, iMonotard MS. Izidakamizwa ezikuleli qembu lama-insulin ziqala ukusebenza amahora angama-1-2 ngemuva komjovo, umphumela womuthi uhlala amahora angama-12-16. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa nezidakamizwa ezifana ne-Iletin I NPH, Iletin II NPH, Insulong SPP, insulin tape GPP, SPP, eqala ukusebenza amahora angama-2-4 ngemuva komjovo. Futhi isikhathi sokusebenza kwe-insulin kulesi sigaba singamahora angama-20- 24.
Imithi eyinkimbinkimbi, efaka ama-insulin wesikhathi esiphakathi kanye nama-insulin amafushane. Izakhiwo ezikhona zaleli qembu ziqala ukusebenza imizuzu engama-30 ngemuva kokungeniswa kwesifo sikashukela emzimbeni womuntu, futhi ubude bale nkathi buvela emahoreni ayi-10 kuye kwangama-24. Ukulungiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kufaka phakathi i-actrafan NM, i-humulin M-1; M-2; M-3; I-M-4, i-insuman comb. 15/85; 25/75; 50/50.
Izidakamizwa ezisebenza isikhathi eside. Lesi sigaba sifaka amadivaysi ezokwelapha anempilo yokusebenza emzimbeni kusuka emahoreni angama-24 kuye kwangama-28. Lesi sigaba samadivaysi ezokwelapha afaka i-ultra-tepi, i-Ultra-tape NM, i-Ultra-tape NM, i-insulin super-tape SPP, i-humulin ultra-tape, i-ultratard NM.
Ukukhetha kwemithi edingekayo yokwelashwa kwenziwa yi-endocrinologist ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa komzimba wesiguli.
Izici zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezisebenza isikhathi esifushane
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ama-insulin amafushane enza lokhu okulandelayo: isenzo somuthi senzeka ngokushesha okukhulu, sinikeza inani eliphakeme kakhulu ekugxilisweni kwegazi elifana nelomzimba, isenzo se-insulin sesikhashana.
Ububi balolu hlobo lwesidakamizwa isikhathi esincane sesenzo sabo. Isikhathi sesenzo esifushane sidinga ukuphathwa kwe-insulin okuphindaphindiwe.
Izinkomba eziphambili zokusetshenziswa kwama-insulin asebenza ngamafuphi yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Ukwelashwa kwabantu abanesifo sikashukela esincike ku-insulin. Uma usebenzisa umuthi, ukuphatha kwawo kuqondana nokuzungeza.
- Ukwelashwa kwezinhlobo ezinzima zesifo sikashukela esingancikeli i-insulin kubantu abadala.
- Lapho kwenzeka ikhephu le-diabetesic hyperglycemic coma. Lapho wenza ukwelashwa kwalesi simo, umuthi uphathwa zombili ngokungaziphathi kahle nangokuyimfihlo.
Ukukhetha komthamo wesidakamizwa kuyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi futhi yenziwa yi-endocrinologist eye khona. Lapho kunqunywa umthamo, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake izici zomzimba womuntu ogulayo.
Enye yezindlela ezilula zokuthola isilinganiso somuthi esidingekayo ukuthi igremu ngalinye likashukela eliqukethwe umchamo, i-1U yesidakamizwa esine-insulin kufanele ingeniswe emzimbeni. Imijovo yokuqala yezidakamizwa yenziwa ngaphansi kokuqashwa kukadokotela esibhedlela.
Ukusebenza kwe-insulin isikhathi eside
Ukwakheka kwezinsiza zesikhathi eside kufaka amaprotheni ambalwa ayisisekelo ne-buffer kasawoti, ekuvumela ukuthi udale umphumela wokuncipha kancane kanye nezenzo zesikhathi eside zomuthi emzimbeni wesiguli.
Amaprotheni akha umuthi yi-protamine ne-globin, kanti futhi nenkimbinkimbi iqukethe ne-zinc. Ukuba khona kwezingxenye ezengeziwe kulungiselelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kugudluza isenzo sethanga lomuthi ngesikhathi. Ukumiswa kudonswa kancane, kuhlinzeka nge-insulin ephansi egazini lesiguli isikhathi eside.
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa zesenzo esikhona isikhathi eside
- isidingo senani elincane lemijovo emzimbeni wesiguli;
- ukuba khona kwe-pH ephezulu emuthini kwenza ukuthi umjovo ungabi buhlungu.
Okubi kokusebenzisa leli qembu lezidakamizwa yilokhu:
- ukungabikho kwesibalo lapho usebenzisa umuthi, ongakuvumeli ukusetshenziswa kwaleli qembu lezidakamizwa ekwelapheni izinhlobo ezinzima zesifo sikashukela, le mishanguzo isetshenziselwa kuphela izinhlobo zobukhulu besifo;
- izidakamizwa azivunyelwe ukungena emthanjeni, ukwethulwa kwalesi sidakamizwa emzimbeni ngomjovo we-intravenous kungavusa ukukhula kwe-embolism.
Namuhla, kunenqwaba yezidakamizwa eziqukethe i-insulin zesenzo eside. Ukwethulwa kwezimali kwenziwa kuphela ngomjovo we-subcutaneous.
