Cishe zonke izinqubo emzimbeni womuntu zilawulwa ngamakhemikhali asebenzayo, ahlala enzelwa uchungechunge lokuphendula okunzima kwezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-hormone, ama-enzyme, amavithamini, njll. Ama-hormone yizinto ezisebenza ngokusebenza ezingaba, kumthamo omncane kakhulu, zithinte kakhulu umetabolism nemisebenzi ebalulekile. Akhiqizwa yizindlala ze-endocrine. I-Glucagon ne-insulin ama-hormone e-pancreatic abamba iqhaza ku-metabolism futhi angabaphikisi bomunye nomunye (okungukuthi, yizinto ezinemiphumela emibi).
Imininingwane ejwayelekile ngesakhiwo samanyikwe
Ama-pancreas aqukethe izingxenye ezi-2 ezihlukile ezisebenzayo:
- i-exocrine (ethatha cishe i-98% yesisindo sesitho, ibhekene nokugaya, kukhiqizwa ama-enzyme e-pancreatic lapha);
- i-endocrine (etholakala ikakhulu emsileni we-gland, ama-hormone ahlanganiswa lapha athinta ama-carbohydrate kanye ne-lipid metabolism, ukugaya ukudla, njll.).
Izigcawu ze-pancreatic zitholakala ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke ingxenye ye-endocrine (zibizwa nangokuthi izichibi zeLangerhans). Kukubo lapho amaseli akhiqiza ama-hormone ahlukahlukene ahlanganisiwe. Lawa maseli anezinhlobo eziningi:
- amangqamuzana we-alpha (i-glucagon kukhiqizwa kuwo);
- amaseli we-beta (synthesize insulin);
- amaseli we-delta (khiqiza i-somatostatin);
- Amaseli we-PP (i-pancreatic polypeptide ikhiqizwa lapha);
- amaseli e-epsilon ("i-hormone yendlala" ghrelin yakheka lapha).
Ngabe i-insulin yenziwe kanjani futhi iyini imisebenzi yayo?
I-insulin yakhiwa emangqamuzaneni e-beta pancreas, kodwa kuqala umanduleli wayo, i-proinsulin, lapho. Ngokwayo, leli khompiyutha alidlali indima ekhethekile yemvelo, kodwa ngaphansi kwesenzo sama-enzyme liphenduka i-hormone. I-insulin eyenziwe nge-insulin idonswa emuva ngamaseli e-beta futhi ikhishwe iye egazini ngalezo zikhathi lapho idingeka.
Inani elincane le-proinsulin (hhayi ngaphezu kwama-5%) lijikeleza njalo egazini lomuntu, ingxenye esele yesisindo iwela kwifomu le-insulin elisebenzayo
Amaseli we-pancreatic beta angahlukanisa futhi enze kabusha, kepha lokhu kwenzeka kuphela emzimbeni omncane. Uma le ndlela iphazamiseka futhi lezi zinto ezisebenzayo zifa, umuntu uba nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1. Ngokugula kohlobo 2, i-insulin ingahle ibunjwe ngokwanele, kepha ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kumetabolism ye-carbohydrate, izicubu azikwazi ukuphendula ngokwanele kuyo, futhi kukhuphuka izinga lale hormone ukuthola i-glucose. Kulokhu, bakhuluma ngokwakhiwa kokuphikisana ne-insulin.
Imisebenzi ye-Insulin:
Itafula lokuhlukaniswa kwe-insulin- kwehlisa ushukela wegazi;
- yenza kusebenze inqubo yokuhlukanisa izicubu ze-adipose, ngakho-ke, ngesifo sikashukela umuntu uthola isisindo ngokweqile ngokushesha okukhulu;
- ivuselela ukwakheka kwama-glycogen namafutha angenasisekelo esibindini;
- kuvimbela ukweqiwa kwamaprotheni kwezicubu zemisipha futhi kuvimbela ukwakheka kwenani elikhulu kakhulu lemizimba ye-ketone;
- ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-glycogen emisipha ngenxa yokufakwa kwama-amino acid.
I-insulin ayibhekene nokufakwa kweglucose kuphela, isekela ukusebenza okuvamile kwesibindi nemisipha. Ngaphandle kwale-hormone, umzimba womuntu awunakuba khona, ngakho-ke, ngohlobo lwe-1 sikashukela mellitus, i-insulin ilimale. Lapho le hormone ingena ingaphandle, umzimba uqala ukudiliza ushukela ngosizo lwesibindi nezicubu zomzimba, okuholela kancane kancane ekunciphiseni koshukela wegazi. Kubalulekile ukukwazi ukubala umthamo owufunayo womuthi bese uwalungisa ngokudla okuthathiwe ukuze umjovo ungakhuphi i-hypoglycemia.
Imisebenzi ye-Glucagon
Emzimbeni womuntu, i-glycogen polysaccharide yakhiwa kusuka ezinsaleleni zeglucose. Luhlobo lwe-carbohydrate depot futhi lugcinwa ngobukhulu esibindini. Ingxenye ye-glycogen itholakala emisipha, kepha lapho khona ayiqoqeki, bese isetshenziswa ngokushesha ekwakhekeni kwamandla endawo. Imithamo emincane yalesi carbohydrate ingaba sezinso nasezingqondweni.
I-Glucagon yenza okuphambene ne-insulin - ibangela ukuthi umzimba uchithe izitolo ze-glycogen ngokuhlanganisa ushukela kuyo. Ngokufanelekile, kulokhu, izinga likashukela wegazi liyakhuphuka, elikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin. Isilinganiso salawa ma-hormone abizwa ngokuthi inkomba ye-insulin-glucagon (iyashintsha ngesikhathi sokugaya).
Impilo ejwayelekile, umuntu udinga ibhalansi ye-hormonal ngaphandle kokungahambisani kolunye noma kolunye uhlangothi.
I-Glucagon nayo yenza imisebenzi enjalo:
- kwehlisa i-cholesterol yegazi;
- kubuyisela amaseli wesibindi;
- kwenyusa inani le-calcium ngaphakathi kwamaseli wezicubu ezahlukene zomzimba;
- kuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwegazi ezinso;
- ngokungaqondile uqinisekise ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi;
- kusheshisa ukuqedwa kukasawoti we-sodium emzimbeni futhi kugcina ukulingana okujwayelekile kukasawoti wamanzi.
IGlucagon ibandakanyeka ekuphendukeni kwe-biochemical kokuguqulwa kwama-amino acid abe ushukela. Iyashesha le nqubo, yize yona uqobo ingafakwanga kulomshini, okungukuthi, isebenza njengengxenye. Uma inani elikhulu le-glucagon lenziwa emzimbeni isikhathi eside, kukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungaholela esifweni esiyingozi - umdlavuza wepancreatic. Ngenhlanhla, lokhu kugula kuyinto eyivelakancane, isizathu esiqondile sokukhula kwayo namanje asikaziwa.
Yize i-insulin ne-glucagon bengabaphikisi, ukusebenza okujwayelekile komzimba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwalezi zinto ezimbili. Ziyaxhumana, futhi umsebenzi wazo ulawulwa ngamanye ama-hormone. Impilo ephelele nenhlala-kahle yomuntu kuncike ekutheni lezi zinhlelo ze-endocrine zisebenza kanjani kahle.
