Ngokusho kososayensi, i-insulin esezibhebheni kwakufanele itholakale kuphela ngo-2020. Kepha ngokuprakthiza, konke kwenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukuhlolwa ekwakhiweni kwalesi sidakamizwa ngendlela entsha kwenziwa odokotela emazweni amaningi, imiphumela yokuqala isivele ihanjisiwe ukuze icutshungulwe.
Ikakhulu, i-India neRussia bakulungele ukukhiqiza i-tablet insulin. Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane okuphindaphindekile kuqinisekisile ukusebenza nokuphepha komuthi ezibhebheni.
Ukwenza Amapilisi E-Insulin
Izinkampani eziningi zokuthuthukisa izidakamizwa nezokukhiqiza kudala zakhungatheka ngokwakhiwa kwendlela entsha yokwelapha, evame ukujova emzimbeni. Amaphilisi abe ngcono ngazo zonke izindlela:
- Zilula kakhulu ukuthwala nawe esikhwameni noma ephaketheni;
- Thatha iphilisi ngokushesha futhi kulula kunokunikeza umjovo;
- Ukwemukelwa akuhambisani nobuhlungu, okubaluleke kakhulu uma kudingeka ukuthi i-insulin inikezwe izingane.
Umbuzo wokuqala onikezwe uthathwe ososayensi base-Australia. Babesekelwa ngu-Israyeli. Iziguli ezibambe iqhaza ngokuzithandela zaqinisekisa ukuthi amaphilisi awusizo ngempela futhi angcono kune-insulin kuma-ampoules. Kulula futhi kulula kakhulu ukuyithatha, futhi ukusebenza kahle akuphunguli ngokuphelele.
Ososayensi baseDenmark nabo bayabandakanyeka ekwenziweni kwamaphilisi e-insulin. Kepha imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwabo ibingakenziwa obala. Njengoba izifundo zomtholampilo zingakenziwa, imininingwane eqondile ngethonya lomuthi ayitholakali.
Ngemuva kokwenza ucwaningo ezilwaneni, kuhlelwa ukuthi uqhubeke nokuhlola amaphilisi e-insulin kubantu. Futhi-ke ukuqala ukukhiqizwa okuphindwayo. Namuhla, amalungiselelo athuthukiswe amazwe amabili - i-India neRussia - asekulungele ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
Isebenza kanjani i-insulin
I-insulin uqobo luhlobo oluthile lweproteyini olwenziwe ngendlela ye-hormone ngamanyikwe. Uma i-insulin incipha emzimbeni, ushukela awutholi ukufinyelela kumaseli wezicubu. Cishe zonke izitho zomuntu nezinhlelo zithintekile, isifo sikashukela siyakhula.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-insulin neglucose kwafakazelwa emuva ngo-1922 ngabososayensi ababili, ukubheja kanye neBest. Esikhathini esifanayo, ukusesha kwaqala ngendlela engcono kakhulu yokujova i-insulin emzimbeni.
Abaphenyi eRussia baqala ukwakha amaphilisi e-insulin maphakathi nawo-90s. Okwamanje, isidakamizwa esibizwa nge- "Ransulin" sikulungele ngokuphelele ukwenziwa.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-insulini zoketshezi zokujova kushukela. Inkinga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngeke kubizwe njengento elula, noma ngabe kukhona ama-insulin ama-insulin anenalithi ekhiphekayo. Lokhu kwethebhulethi kungaba ngcono kakhulu.
Kodwa ubunzima bubekwe ezimweni ezingejwayelekile zokucubungula i-insulin kumathebhulethi ngumzimba womuntu. Njengoba i-hormone inesisekelo samaprotheni, isisu sikubonile njengokudla okujwayelekile, okufanele kubunjiwe kube ngama-amino acid, futhi kuthunyelwe ama-enzymes ahambelana nalokhu.
Ososayensi kwakudingeka baqale bavikele i-insulin kuma-enzyme ukuze ingene egazini lonke, futhi ingaboli ezinhlamvwini ezincane kakhulu ze-amino acid. Inqubo yokugaya ukudla injengokulandelayo:
- Okokuqala, ukudla kungena endaweni ene-acid esiswini, lapho kuqala khona ukwehla kokudla.
- Esimweni esiguquliwe, ukudla kuya esiswini esincane.
- Imvelo emathunjini ayithathi hlangothi - lapha ukudla kuqala ukudonswa.
Kwakudingeka ukuthi uqiniseke ukuthi i-insulin ayihlangani nemvelo ene-acid esiswini futhi ingena amathumbu amancane ngendlela yayo yokuqala. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele umboze into ngegobolondo engamelana nama-enzyme. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kufanele ichithe ngokushesha emathunjini amancane.
Enye inkinga eyavela njalo ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka kwakuwukuvimbela ukuqothuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-insulin emathunjini amancane. Ama-enzymes athinta ukucwazimula kwawo angafakwa muncu ukugcina i-insulin ingasebenzi.
Kepha inqubo yokugaya ukudla iyoke ihlale isikhathi eside kakhulu. Le nkinga yaba yisizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani umsebenzi wephrojekthi ye-M. Lasowski, eyakhelwe ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwama-enzyme nama-insulin inhibitors, yaqedwa ngo-1950.
Abaphenyi baseRussia bakhethe indlela ehlukile. Bakha ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-molecule we-inhibitor ne-polymer hydrogel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-polysaccharides afakwa ku-hydrogel ukuthuthukisa ukufakwa kwento esiswini esincane.
Phezu kwethumbu elincanyana kukhona ama-pectins - yizo ezishukumisa ukumuncwa kwezinto zithintane nama-polysaccharides. Ngaphezu kwama-polysaccharides, i-insulin nayo yangeniswa ku-hydrogel. Kulokhu, zombili izinto azizange zixhumane. Ukuxhumeka ngaphezulu bekumbozwe ulwelwesi oluzovimbela ukuqothuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi endaweni ene-acid esiswini.
Uba yini umphumela? Lakanye esiswini, iphilisi elinjalo belimelana nama-acid. Ulwelwesi lwaqala ukuncibilika kuphela emathunjini amancane. Kulokhu, kukhululwa i-hydrogel equkethe i-insulin. I-Polysaccharides yaqala ukusebenzisana nama-pectins, i-hydrogel ibekwe odongeni lwesisu.
Ukuchithwa kwe-inhibitor emathunjini akwenzekanga. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayevikela ngokuphelele i-insulin ekuvezweni kwe-acid nasekuqhekekeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, umphumela oyifunayo wafinyelelwa: i-insulin yangena egazini esimweni sayo sokuqala. I-polymer yokulondolozwa yakhishwa emzimbeni kanye neminye imikhiqizo yokubola.
Ososayensi baseRussia benza izivivinyo zabo ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemijovo, bathola umthamo ophindwe kabili we-insulin ezibhebheni. Izinga le-glucose legazi ekuhlolweni okunjalo lehlile, kodwa lalingaphansi kokufakwa kwe-insulin ngomjovo.
Ososayensi babona ukuthi kumele kukhushulwe inani lokuhlushwa - manje isibhebhe leso sasiqukethe i-insulin kaningi. Ngemuva kokuthatha umuthi onjalo, izinga likashukela lehle okungaphezu kwalapho lifakwe insulin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekukhona inkinga yokuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-insulin ngamanani amakhulu.
Lo mbuzo uxazululwe ngokuphelele: umzimba uthole ngqo inani le-insulin elalidinga. Futhi okweqile kwakudonswa kanye nezinye izinto ngendlela yemvelo.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zamathebulethi e-insulin
U-Avicenna, udokotela nomphilisi omdala kunabo bonke, ngesinye isikhathi waphawula ukuthi umsebenzi wesibindi ubaluleke kangakanani ekusebenzeni kokudla nokwabiwa okufanele kwezinto eziphuma emzimbeni. Yiso lesi sitho esibhekele ngokuphelele ukwakheka kwe-insulin. Kepha uma umane ufake i-insulin, isibindi asibandakanywa kulesisisungu sokusabalalisa kabusha.
Lokhu kusongela ini? Njengoba isibindi singasalawuli inqubo, isiguli singaba nezinkinga zenhliziyo nezinkinga zokujikeleza kwegazi. Konke lokhu kuthinta umsebenzi wobuchopho kwasekuqaleni. Kungakho bekubaluleke kakhulu kososayensi ukudala i-insulin ngendlela yamathebulethi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, akusona sonke isiguli esingajwayela isidingo sokunikeza umjovo okungenani kanye ngosuku. Amathebulethi angathathwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga noma kuphi, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-pain syndrome ayifakwa ngokuphelele - i-plus enkulu yezingane ezincane.
Uma i-insulin yathathwa ezibhebheni, yaqala ukungena esibindini. Lapho, ngohlobo olwaludingeka, into yayihanjiswa ngokuya egazini. Ngale ndlela, i-insulin ingena egazini lomuntu ongahlushwa yisifo sikashukela. Abanesifo sikashukela manje sebeyakwazi ukukuthola ngendlela yemvelo kakhulu.
Enye inzuzo: njengoba isibindi sihlanganyela kule nqubo, inani lempahla engena egazini liyalawulwa. Iguqulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukugwema ukweqisa.
Yiziphi ezinye izindlela i-insulin ezingahanjiswa ngazo?
Kwakunomqondo wokwakha i-insulin ngendlela yamaconsi, noma kunalokho kube yifu lesiphunga. Kepha lezi zinqubekela phambili azitholanga ukwesekwa okufanelekile futhi zachithwa. Isizathu esiyinhloko kwakuwukuthi bekungeke kunqume ngokunembile inani le-insulin engena egazini ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lwe-mucous lwe-nasopharynx.
Ithuba lokungenisa i-insulin emzimbeni futhi ngomlomo nalo ketshezi alikhawulwanga. Ukwenza izivivinyo kumagundane, kwatholakala ukuthi kwakudingeka ukuncibilikisa i-1 mg yento ku-12 ml wamanzi. Ngemuva kokuthola umthamo onjalo nsuku zonke, amagundane aqeda ukuntula ushukela ngaphandle kwamaphilisi owengeziwe, ukusetshenziswa kwama-gels nezinye izindlela zokwelapha.
Njengamanje, amazwe amaningi akulungele ukuqala ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin amaphilisi. Kodwa ngokubheka ukuqoqwa okuphezulu kwento kwithebhulethi elilodwa, izindleko zazo zisephezulu kakhulu - i-insulin yethebhulethi itholakala kuphela kumayunithi.
