Isifo sikashukela mellitus (DM) siyinkinga ethile evimbela abantu abaningi banamuhla ukuba baphile ngendlela ejwayelekile yokuphila. Kokubili abadala nezingane bayahlupheka ngakho.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwanda kwenani lamacala minyaka yonke eyi-10-15 kucishe kuphindeke kabili, futhi lesi sifo uqobo sisincane kakhulu.
Ngokuya kwezibikezelo zososayensi, ngonyaka ka 2030 cishe wonke umuntu ohlala emhlabeni ongumhlaba wethu uzoba nesifo sikashukela esiba ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.
Ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kwalesi sifo
Isifo sikashukela i-mellitus uhlobo lwesifo, ukubonakala kwalo okuvusa ukuphazamiseka ohlelweni lwe-endocrine.
Umzimba wesiguli ubonakala ngokukhuphuka koshukela wegazi nokugcinwa kwawo njalo ngezinga elingamukeleki kumuntu ophilile.
Izinguquko ezinjalo ziholela ekuphazamisweni okulandelayo ekusebenzeni kwemithambo yegazi, ukuwohloka kokugeleza kwegazi nokwenza buthaka ekuhlinzekeni kwamaseli wezicubu nge-oxygen. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona ukwehluleka kwezitho ezithile (amehlo, amaphaphu, izitho eziphansi, izinso kanye nezinye), kanye nokwanda kwezifo ezihambisanayo.
Kunezizathu eziningi ezibangela ukungasebenzi kahle okuhambisanayo emzimbeni kanye ne-hypoglycemia. Ukuqina nezimpawu zenkambo yayo kuzoncika emvelweni wemvelaphi yalesi sifo.
Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwemingcele yezimpawu ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziswa odokotela abakhona, isifo sikashukela sinokuhlukaniswa ngombandela ngezigaba ezilandelayo (ngokuya ngobukhulu besifundo):
- ukukhanya. Leli banga libonakaliswa ngamazinga kashukela athile angalapheki. Uma uthatha ukuhlolwa kwegazi ushukela esiswini esingenalutho, inkomba ngeke idlule i-8 mmol / L. Ngale ndlela yokuqhubeka kwalesi sifo, ukudla kuzokwanela ukugcina isimo sesiguli sisesimweni esanelisayo;
- ukwehla okulinganiselayo. Izinga le-glycemia kulesi sigaba likhuphukela ku-14 mmol / l, uma uthatha ukuhlolwa kwegazi okusheshayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ketosis ne-ketoacidosis nakho kungenzeka. Yenza isimo sibe nesifo sikashukela esilinganiselwe kungaba ngenxa yokudla, ukuthatha amazinga kashukela egazi, kanye nokungenisa i-insulin (hhayi ngaphezu kwama-40 OD ngosuku);
- esindayo. I-glycemia esheshayo iphakathi kuka-14 mmol / L. Emini, kukhona ukuguquguquka okukhulu okubalulekile kumazinga kashukela. Ukuphathwa njalo kwe-insulin, umthamo wawo ongu-60 OD, osiza ukuzinza isimo sesiguli.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-WHO
Kuze kube ngu-Okthoba 1999, ukuhlukaniswa kwesifo sikashukela okwamukelwa yi-WHO ngonyaka we-1985 kwakusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-1997, iKomidi labaCwaningi le-American Diabetes Association lahlongoza enye indlela yokwahlukanisa, eyayigxile olwazini kanye nasemiphumeleni yezifundo ezenziwa etiology, pathogenesis kanye ne-heterogeneity yesifo sikashukela eqoqwe ososayensi ngalesi sikhathi.
Isimiso sobudlova sisenhliziyweni yokuhlukaniswa okusha kwalesi sifo, ngakho-ke, imiqondo efana nesifo sikashukela “esincike ku-insulin” kanye “nokuya ngokungaxhomekeki kwe-insulin” ayihlanganisiwe. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, le ncazelo engenhla yadukisa odokotela futhi yaphazamisa ukutholakala kwalesi sifo kwezinye iziguli emtholampilo.
Kulokhu, izincazelo zohlobo lwe-1 mellitus yesifo sikashukela nohlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela zigcinwe. Umqondo wesifo sikashukela i-mellitus, ngenxa yokungondleki kahle, ukhanseliwe, ngoba awuzange ufakazelwe ngokungenakuphikwa ukuthi inani elinganele leproteyini lingadala ukwanda koshukela wegazi.
Isifo sikashukela se-Fibrocalculeous, kwanqunywa ukuthi kubhekiswe enanini lezifo ezibangelwa ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwensiza ye-exocrine pancreatic. Futhi esigabeni esehlukile amazinga aphezulu kashukela athathwa kuphela esiswini esingenalutho. Lesi simo sanqunywa ukuthi sibangelwe yisikhathi esiphakathi kwenkambo evamile yenqubo ye-glucose metabolism kanye nokuboniswa kwesifo sikashukela.
Kuncike kuma-insulin (uhlobo 1)
Phambilini, lolu hlobo lokuphambuka lwalubizwa ngokuthi ubuntwana, ubusha noma i-autoimmune. Ngohlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo loku-1, ukuphathwa ngokuqhubekayo kwe-insulin kuyadingeka ukuze kuzinze isimo sesiguli, ngoba umzimba uyeka ukukhiqiza i-insulin ngenani elidingakalayo lesimo esinempilo ngenxa yokuphazamiseka ezinqubweni zemvelo.
Izimpawu ezibonisa uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sokuqala zihlanganisa:
- ukuchama ngokweqile;
- umuzwa ongapheli wendlala nokoma;
- ukunciphisa umzimba
- ukungaboni kahle
Izimpawu ezikleliswe ngenhla zingavela kungazelelwe. Isifo sikashukela sohlobo loku-1 sibangela ukungasebenzi kahle emasosheni omzimba, kuthi lapho umzimba uthuthukela amasosha omzimba emangqamuzaneni omanyikwe. Ukwehluleka komzimba kwenzeka kaningi ngenxa yesifo (i-hepatitis, i-chickenpox, i-rubella, i-mumps nabanye abaningi).
I-insulin ezimele (uhlobo 2)
Lesi yisifo sikashukela esenzeka kubantu abadala. Isizathu sokukhula kokuphazamiseka ukuncipha kokusebenza kahle komzimba ekusebenziseni i-insulin.
Imvamisa imbangela yesifo sikashukela ukukhuluphala, noma ukumane ukhuluphele, ifa elibi, noma ukucindezela.
Izimpawu zesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 ziyefana nezesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1. Kodwa-ke, kuleli cala, azikhulunywa kanjalo. Ngalesi sizathu, lesi sifo ezimweni eziningi sitholakala ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana, lapho isiguli sinenkinga yokuqala enkulu.
Kuze kube muva nje, uhlobo 2 sikashukela lwalutholakala kubantu abadala kuphela. Kepha eminyakeni yamuva, izingane nazo zihlushwa yilolu hlobo lokugula.
Ukubekezelela ushukela okhubazekile
Ngokuya ngezigaba zakudala, azikho kuphela izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zesifo sikashukela, ezihambisana nezimpawu ezicacile noma ezingacacile, kepha futhi nesimo sakusasa salesi sifo.Ngefomu le-latent, izinga likashukela wegazi likhuphuka ngokungenangqondo, futhi ngemuva kwalokho alinciphi isikhathi eside.
Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ukungabekezeleli kwe-glucose. Lona, ngaphandle kokulimaza okusolakala ukuthi lingalimaza, lingaguqulwa libe yisifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 nezinye izifo eziningi.
Uma izinyathelo zithathwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isifo sikashukela singavinjelwa eminyakeni eyi-10-15 ngaphambi kokuba senzeke. Uma ukwelashwa kungenakwenziwa, kungalesi sikhathi lapho into ethile efana “nokubekezelela ushukela” ingakhula ibe uhlobo 2 sikashukela.
Isifo sikashukela sokutholwa kwesisu
Lokhu kuyindlela yesifo sikashukela lapho i-hyperglycemia ivela khona okokuqala noma ivele ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Uma kunesifo sokuthinta umzimba, izinkinga zingabakhona ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokubeletha.
Futhi, abesifazane abanjalo banengozi eyandayo yokuthola isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Imvamisa, izimpawu zalolu hlobo lwesifo sikashukela ziba zimbi noma zimnene.
Ngalesi sizathu, ukutholwa kwalesi sifo akwenzeki ngesisekelo sedatha etholwe ngesikhathi kuhlolwa isiguli, kepha ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwengane.
Isifo sikashukela sesibili
Isifo sikashukela sesibili singumphumela wenkambo yezifo noma izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu: ukuvuvukala kwepancreatic, i-pancreatitis, ukuphazamiseka kwehomoni, ukushintshwa kofuzo nezinye izimo.
Ifomu eli-Latent
Futhi kwezokwelapha, kukhona into efana ne- “latent autoimmuneabetes”.
Lesi sifo sitholakala kubantu abadala kuphela, futhi izimpawu zaso ziphakathi kohlobo 2 nohlobo 1 sikashukela.
Ezimweni eziningi, iziguli ezinalezi zibonakaliso zesifo zitholakala zinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Okungasetshenziswa kancane incazelo yencazelo yesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-1.5.
Amavidiyo ahlobene
Cishe yiziphi izinhlobo zikashukela ezikuvidiyo:
Isifo sikashukela i-mellitus yisifo esiyingozi. Kodwa-ke, ukwamukelwa okufika ngesikhathi kwezindlela zokwelapha, ukudla kanye nokwenza ezinye izinqubo zokuvimbela kungayelula impilo yesiguli futhi kuthuthukise kakhulu inhlala-kahle yakhe.
