I-pancreas yindlala enkulu kunazo zonke emzimbeni womuntu nesinye sezitho ezibaluleke kakhulu sepheshana lesisu. Ubophezelekile ekuqhekekeni kwangaphandle nangaphakathi, ehlanganisa hhayi kuphela izinto ze-enzyme ezisiza ukumuncwa kokudla okufanele, kodwa futhi nama-hormone. Kukhansele esidlala indima ebalulekile emetabolism.
Isakhiwo se-anatomical
Ama-pancreas kubantu akhiwe ngemuva kwesisu futhi asondelene ne-duodenum. Unekhanda, intamo, umzimba nomsila. Ikhanda nengxenye yomzimba kumbozwe iluphu lwe-duodenum, futhi umsila uyajula bese ukhuphuka uye ngakwesobunxele, kuya ethafeni.
Intamo yesikhumba ephakathi kwekhanda nomzimba yibhodlela. Lapha, kuvela i-santorinia duct, evame ukuxhumana kakhulu ne-duct enkulu, futhi kuyaqabukela iza ngqo kwi-duodenum nge-santorinia papilla.
Ubude besitho sonke bungama-20 cm ubukhulu, ubukhulu bawo buhlukahluka kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-3 cm, bese isisindo sisonke asidluli ngama-80 g. Ngakho-ke, ama-pancreas asemzimbeni womuntu avikelwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi: umgogodla usemuva, isisu ngaphambili. ngakwesobunxele kukhona i-spleen, ngakwesokudla kune-duodenum.
Emzimbeni we-gland, ngaphambili, emuva nangaphansi kuhlukaniswa. Ingaphambili lihlanganisa isisu futhi linokuqubuka okungajwayelekile. Indawo yendawo yangasemuva ibekwe eduze komgogodla, i-peritoneal aorta, i-celiac plexus, i-vena cava ephansi kanye ne-rein vein yesokunxele. Lapha, emiseleni ebekelwe lokhu, kutholakala imikhumbi ebanzi. Ingxenye engezansi ye-gland iya phansi, ngemuva kwezimpande zemiyalezo. I-duct eyinhloko ye-pancreas yi-Wirsung duct, egijima kuyo yonke ubude bayo futhi igeleza duze kwe-duodenum.
Ukukhiqizwa kwejusi ye-pancreatic kwenzeka ikakhulu emzimbeni we-gland, iziqithi zeLangerans, synthesizing mahormone, zisemsileni
Imisebenzi yama-pancreas ihlobene kakhulu nesakhiwo futhi ihlukaniswe nge-endocrine ne-exocrine. I-endocrine zone imelelwa iziqhingi zamaLangerans - ukunqwabelana kwamaseli ahlanganisa ama-hormone:
- insulin;
- i-glucagon;
- somatostatin;
- ama-polypeptides;
- ama-peptides asematheni ashubile.
Ngamanani amancane, amaseli ama-islets ama-Langerans nawo akhiqiza i-gastrin, i-thyroliberin, i-somatoliberin.
Engxenyeni exocrine kunohlelo lwe-ducts kanye ne-pancreatic acini, okuyizinhlaka zesakhiwo. Kuyinto e-acini lapho kuqala yonke imigobhozo.
Umsebenzi we-endocrine we-pancreas ubonwa ngokusebenzisa ama-insulocytes - amaseli weziqithi zaseLangerans, obhekene nokuqanjwa kwamakhaza nolawulo lwamahlaya.
Umsebenzi we-Exocrine
Nsuku zonke, ama-pancreas akhiqiza isilinganiso esingaba lilitha lejusi le-pancreatic, eliqukethe izinto ze-enzyme, usawoti namanzi. Ama-enzymes abizwa nge- "proenzymes" futhi ekuqaleni awasebenzi. Ukufakwa kwe-coma yokudla kwi-duodenum kuhambisana nokudedelwa kwamahomoni, wona, abangela uchungechunge lokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-proenzymes ayasebenza.
Isisusa esinamandla kunazo zonke secretion ye-pancreatic yi-hydrochloric acid esiswini. Uma ingena emathunjini amancane, ibangela ukwakheka okuthuthukile kwe-secretin ne-pancreosimine, okuvulwe yi-mucosa yamathumbu futhi kuvuselele ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme:
- izithasiselo;
- lipases;
- trypsin (trypsinogen);
- chymotrypsin;
- ama-nucleases;
- prophospholipase.
Kungenxa yalokhu lapho umsebenzi we-pocrreatic pancreatic ulele khona.
I-Trypsin (trypsinogen) ikhiqizwa kuphela kumanyikwe futhi iyadingeka ekuqhekekeni kwama-peptides namaprotheni. Ekuqaleni ayisebenzi, le enzyme icushiwe nge-enteropeptidase, noma i-Enterokinase. Kungenxa yenkomba ye-trypsin kwifomu yayo esebenzayo lapho kunqunywa ukuthi i-pancreatitis.
I-Amylase iyi-enzyme esiza ukucubungula ama-carbohydrate futhi ayakhiwe hhayi kuphela kumanyikwe, kodwa futhi nasezindongeni ze-salivary. Ngokuchithwa ngokweqile noma okunganele kwe-amylase egazini, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo ye-pathological kumanyikwe kungaqalwa. Izinga le-amylase egazini nomchamo liyimpawu ebaluleke kakhulu yokuxilonga. Isibonelo, ukwehla okukhulu kokuqukethwe kwe-ampilase ekuhlaziyeni kungakhombisa ama-pathologies wesibindi esibucayi kanye ne-cystic fibrosis, kanye ne-pancreatectomy eyenziwe.
Indima ye-lipase ukwenza i-triglycerides ivele ivele ku-bile kusuka emthanjeni. Le enzyme isiza ukwephula amafutha ku-glycerol kanye nama-asidi aphezulu, futhi ibuye ihlanganyele amandla emetabolism. I-Lipase ihlinzeka ngokuhambisa kwama-acid amaningi we-polyunsaturated kuma-tishu futhi ikhuthaza ukumuncwa kwamavithamini amaningi ancibilikisa amafutha.
Ama-pancreas, isibindi, amaphaphu namathumbu kunesibopho sokwenza i-lipase. Ngenxa ye-hypofunction ye-gland, umsebenzi we-lipase uyancipha, ohambisana nokushintshwa kombala wesitulo kuye mpunga.
I-enucme ye-nuclease ibamba iqhaza ekumodweni kwe-DNA kanye namaketanga we-RNA okudla okutholakele emzimbeni. Ngosizo lwayo, ama-molecule e-nucleic acid adingekayo ekwakhiweni kwezakhi zofuzo zomuntu zolwazi ayakhululwa.
I-Profospholipase isebenza njenge-trypsin futhi isebenza ngenkani emafutheni ayinkimbinkimbi abizwa ngokuthi ama-phospholipids.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-proenzymes e-pancreatic athunyelwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokudla, kusukela emaminithini we-2-3 ngemuva kokuqala kokudla. Ngemuva kwalokho, ziyaqhubeka nokuvelela okungenani amanye amahora ayi-12.
Umsebenzi we-enzyme ogcwele ngokuphelele awunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwevolumu eyanele ye-bile, ekhiqizwa isibindi. I-bile eyenza ama-enzyme ukuthi asebenze futhi iphule ama-lipid abe yizicucu ezincane, ngaleyondlela iwalungiselela i-cleavage. Ijusi le-pancreatic liqukethe ama-enzyme hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi nosawoti we-acid ukuhlinzeka ukusabela kwe-alkaline. Ngenxa yalokhu, okuqukethwe i-acid esiswini kukhona izimo ezingathathi hlangothi futhi zivumelana nokufakwa kwe-carbohydrate.
Umsebenzi we-Endocrine
Yini umsebenzi wamanyikwe ohlelweni lwe-endocrine? Lesi sitho sifaka ama-hormone egazini, sithinta zonke izinqubo ze-metabolic emzimbeni, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Naphezu kosayizi omncane we-endocrine zone, ecishe ibe yi-2% yendawo ephelele ye-gland, ukubaluleka komsebenzi wayo akunakuqhathaniswa.
Uhlobo lwe-1 isifo sikashukela saziwa ngokushoda kwe-insulin ngokuphelele, okubangelwa ukubhujiswa kwamaseli we-beta
Ukusebenza okungaphakathi kokuphathelene nendlala kungukukhulula kwe-insulin neglucagon. Amaseli we-Alfa we-Langerans islets akhiqiza i-glucagon, okuyi-insulin antagonist yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwe-lipocaine, ukuvimbela ukukhula kwesibindi esinamafutha. Amangqamuzana e-beta akhiqiza i-insulin ekhipha ushukela izicubu zomzimba ngokusebenzisa ama-protein receptors.
Umsebenzi oyimfihlo wangaphakathi we-pancreas unezelwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-hormone ghrelin, ebhekele isifiso esijwayelekile sokudla, ne-polypeptide epancreatic evimbela ukucasheka kwendlala futhi ivuselele ukukhiqizwa kwejusi yesisu.
Ngokushoda kanye nokubhujiswa kwamaseli we-beta, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-insulin kuyancishiswa, okungaholela ekwakhiweni kwesifo sikashukela. Ukushoda kwale hormone kuboniswa ngokwanda komsebenzi wokuchama, ukulunywa kwesikhumba nomuzwa wokoma okungapheli.
ISomatostatin yi-hormone ekhiqizwa hhayi kuphela kumanyikwe, kodwa futhi kuyi-hypothalamus. Kuyadingeka ukucindezela ukucasulwa kwe-serotonin, i-hormone yokukhula, i-hormone egqugquzela i-thyroid, i-insulin ne-glucagon.
I-VIP - i-peptide esebenzayo yamathumbu ivuselela ukuhamba kwamathumbu, ikhuphumele ukuphuma kwegazi ezithweni zokugaya, ivimbela ukwakheka kwe-hydrochloric acid futhi inyuse ukukhiqizwa kwe-pepsinogen esiswini.
I-pancreatic polypeptide ibandakanyeka kumthethonqubo wemfihlo yangaphandle yamanyikwe futhi ivuselela isisu.
Ukulimazeka okusebenzayo
Imvamisa, imisebenzi yamanyikwe emzimbeni womuntu yephulwe ngenxa yokuvuvukala - i-pancreatitis engapheli noma eyingozi, lapho isakhiwo seseli siguqukayo, futhi nokuhluleka kokusebenza kukhula. Izisulu ze-pancreatitis zivame ukuba ngabantu abasebenzisa kabi ukudla okunamafutha, utshwala nalabo abaqala ukubulawa yindlala.
Izizathu ezilandelayo zingadala ukungasebenzi kahle kumanyikwe:
Kusho ukuthini i-insulin?- izifo zepheshana lesibindi kanye nesibindi;
- ukulimala kanye nomshini wokulungisa umgudu wokugaya ukudla;
- ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwama-antibhayirasi, ama-diuretics, ama-hormone;
- ukudakwa ngezinto ezinobuthi ekhaya noma emsebenzini;
- imisebenzi yokuhlinzwa;
- i-virologies ye-viral kanye ne-virus - mumps, mycoplasmosis, hepatitis;
- isisindo ngokweqile;
- ukungasebenzi kahle kwemvelo (ukunciphisa imisele) kanye nokwenziwa kwama-neoplasms;
- i-endocrine (hyperparathyroidism) kanye nezifo zenhliziyo;
- ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-helminthic;
- ukuphazamiseka kwe-hormonal;
- ifa.
Kwezinye izimo, i-iron ayenzi imisebenzi yayo ngenxa yezizathu ezingeke zatholakala.
Ukuntuleka kwe-enzyme kuyithinta kakhulu inhlala-kahle yesiguli futhi kuboniswa yizimpawu ezilandelayo:
- Ubuhlungu engxenyeni yesithathu engenhla yesisu esenzeka ngokushesha ngemuva kokudla noma ngokuzimela;
- ukuncipha kokudla kuze kube yilapho kungatholakali ngokuphelele;
- umuzwa wokucanuzelelwa kwenhliziyo, ukuhlanza;
- ukuqhuma esiswini;
- umbala kanye nokuvumelana kwezindunduma.
I-pstreatitis ye-Interstitial ihambisana nokuvuvukala kwendawo ye-intercellular futhi ine-projinosis evumela ukwedlula yonke; i-acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis kuyindlela enzima yesifo, lapho ngamaphesenti angama-50 amacala ephela ngokufa kwesiguli
Ngokuya ngokuthi iyiphi imisebenzi yamanyikwe ayisebenzi ngokuphelele, kukhona izinguquko ekuphathweni komzimba. Ngokuntuleka kwe-lipase, i-stool ithola umbala ophuzi noma owolintshi nokuvumelana kwamafutha.
Ukushoda kwe-Amylase kuhlotshaniswa nokungabekezeleleki kahle kwama-carbohydrate kanye nokuvela kwesihlalo esinamanzi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwesitashi ngokweqile. Ngenxa yokwehla kokufakwa kwezakhamzimba emathunjini amancane, kuhudo, ukuntuleka kwevithamini kwenzeka, nesisindo somzimba sehla.
Ukuntuleka kwe-trypsin proenzyme kuboniswa ngokwanda kokusebenza kwe-pancreas futhi kuboniswa ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kweprotheni ye-nitrogen kanye ne-undigested (izicubu zemisipha) ezindlebeni. Isithambisi siba iphalishi futhi sithola iphunga elibukhali nelingathandeki.
Ngenxa yokugaya okunganele kokudla emathunjini amancane, ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kuyakhuphuka kanye nokunxenxa ukuwohloka kuyanda.
I-pancreatin yisidakamizwa esiyisisekelo sokungasebenzi kahle kwe-pancreatic.
Ngokuphula ukuphuma kwezimfihlo, kusebenze ama-enzymes "angeziwe" asebenza ngokungalungile. Esikhundleni sokugaya ukudla, aqala ukugaya ulwelwesi lwama-pancreas, okuholela kokuvuvukala kwalo - i-pancreatitis.
Uma kwenzeka kulimaza iziqithi zeLangerans, i-insulin synthesis iyancipha, bese kuthayipha isifo sikashukela esingu-1. Amangqamuzana amaningi e-beta asendaweni ethintekile, kuya kuba nzima ukuvuza.
Ukwelashwa kokungasebenzi kahle
Ungabuyisela ama-pancreas ngemithi nokudla okufanele. Ukusungula ipheshana lokugaya ukudla, kulungiselelwe amalungiselelo e-enzyme - uCreon, uPancreatin, uFestal.
Uma i-pancreatitis ihambisana nokuhlanza njalo, kusho ukuthi izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukukwenza ibhalansi kasawoti wamanzi, ngokwesibonelo, isisombululo se-Sodium Chloride. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokwelashwa ukwelashwa ngamavithamini. Ekuphazamisekeni kokugaya okunzima, kubekwa umsoco wobuzali noma we-intravenous.
Ukwelashwa kwe-pancreatitis ebukhali yenziwa kuphela esimweni sesibhedlela, ngenxa yalokho, uma kunezimpawu ezinobuntu, kuyadingeka ukubiza iqembu le-ambulensi. Ngaphambi kokufika kodokotela, awukwazi ukudla, kunconywa ukuthi uphuze amanzi njalo ngemizuzu engama-30-60 enkomishini eyi-1/4. Ungasidambisa lesi simo lapho uhleli ngamadolo akho ecindezelwe esiswini sakho. I-compress ebandayo, esetshenziselwa emuva emcabangweni wamanyikwe, izosiza ukunciphisa izinhlungu.
