Lapho wenza ukuhlolwa kokuthola isifo ukuthola inkomba kashukela, iziguli eziningi ziyazibuza ukuthi ushukela ukhonjiswa kanjani kuhlolo lwegazi?
Igazi liyicubu lezicubu elinamaseli nezinto ezihlukahlukene, ngalo imisebenzi ebalulekile eyenziwa ngalo emzimbeni womuntu.
Ukuxilongwa kokulinganisa nobungako bezakhi zegazi kukuvumela ukuthi ulawule izinqubo zomzimba emzimbeni womuntu, ukuthola ngesikhathi ukuphambuka kusuka esimweni sokuphila sesikhombisi futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukunquma ukwelashwa okufanele.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuxilonga ezikhona?
Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwenziwa kaningi ukufeza izinhloso ezithile.
Enye yezinhloso ukuvikela, okusiza ukuvimba ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezahlukahlukene.
Inhloso yesibili yokuhlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kutholakala ukuthi kunenqubo ye-pathological emzimbeni.
Imininingwane enjalo ingabonakala ekuhlolweni kwegazi okujwayelekile, okukuvumela ukulandelela:
- ukungavikeleki kubantu abadala noma ezinganeniꓼ
- amangqamuzana omzimba anikezwa kangakanani komoya-mpilo kanye nezakhi ezibalulekileꓼ
- izinga lokujiya kwegaziꓼ
- ukusekelwa kwenqubo efana ne-homeostasis.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo ezinjengokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali nokuxilonga ushukela wegazi zivame ukwenziwa.
Kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical, kuhlolwa kwenziwa umsebenzi wezitho zangaphakathi, izinqubo zazo nezinqubo ze-metabolic. Isici esiyingqayizivele sesampula yegazi sokuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical ukuthi kuhlola isimo sama-enzyme akhiqizwa amaseli izicubu zesibindi - ama-aspartate aminotransferase, i-alanine aminotransferase, i-gamma-glutamyltransferase. Inani lalawa ma-enzyme ku-serum yegazi livame ukuba lincane, ngoba ahlanganiswa kakhulu kumaseli wesibindi.
Ngokuhlolwa kwegazi, bafunda ngoshintsho enanini labo, lokhu kusivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuphazamiseka kwe-pathological esibindini esifana ne-cirrhosis ne-hepatitis, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuveze izifo zenhliziyo, igazi, amanyikwe.
Uma kunesidingo, uchwepheshe wezokwelapha angabeka inqubo yokuthola isampula yezinto zokuhlola ushukela wegazi. Lokhu kuxilongwa kukuvumela ubone izinga le-glucose emzimbeni nokuthi litholwa kahle futhi lisetshenziswa kanjani ngamaseli.
Ukuphambuka ezimeni zomzimba kungakhombisa ubukhona bokuphazamiseka ku-carbohydrate metabolism kanye nokuqhubeka kwesifo sikashukela mellitus.
Ushukela wegazi uthathelwa ini?
Igazi elisemzimbeni womuntu liyicubu likamanzi.
Lolu hlobo lwezicubu lwenza imisebenzi ethile yomzimba.
Ukwakheka kwegazi kufaka inani elikhulu lezinto ezikhethekile eziklanywe ngobukhulu kanye ne-plasma ewuketshezi enamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ahlanganisiwe kuyo.
Imisebenzi esemqoka eyenziwe yigazi emzimbeni yile elandelayo:
- Izakhi zomsoco, ushukela, amanzi, amafutha kanye nama-amino acid egazini ziyiswa kumaseli awo wonke izicubu zomzimba.
- I-oksijini ihanjiswa kumaseli awo wonke izicubu zomzimba ngenxa yokuba khona kohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi.
- Umzimba uhlanzwa ngemikhiqizo ye-metabolic.
- I-Thermoregulation nokugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba liyenziwa.
- Ukuqaliswa kokuvikelwa komzimba ekuhlaselweni kwezinhlayiya eziningi zegciwane namagciwane.
- Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okubushelelezi kwazo zonke izitho zangaphakathi nezinhlelo.
Uma enye yezinqubo iphazamisekile, ukwakheka kwegazi kuyashintsha, okwazisa ngezifo okungenzeka noma ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pathologies.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukunikela ngegazi ukuze lihlaziywe khona kwezimpawu ezilandelayo:
- ukuncipha komzimba kanye nokunciphisa umzimba ngokuqinile ngokudla njalo nangendlela yokuphilaꓼ
- umuzwa wokukhathala okungapheli, ukukhubazeka kwenkumbulo nokuhluleka ukugxilisa ingqondo
- umlomo owomile ꓼ
- ukwanda kokuchama.
Kungakho ukuqaliswa kokuhlolwa okunje ukuhlolwa kwegazi (kufaka noshukela) kubaluleke kakhulu.
Igazi lingadonswa emithanjeni noma emilengweni yomunwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Imvamisa, impahla ithathwa ekuseni ngesisu esingenalutho ukuthola imiphumela efanelekile. Kwesinye isikhathi emva kokuhlolwa kwegazi okulandelayo koshukela, udokotela angaguqula inkambo yamanje yokwelashwa, njengoba kuboniswa ushintsho lwesimo ngesikhathi saleso sifo.
Imininingwane ekuvumela ukuthi uhlolwe igazi ushukela, khombisa izinga lamakhemikhali loshintsho emzimbeni womuntu. Ngakho-ke, uchwepheshe owenza ucwaningo unquma ukuguquguquka kwenqubo ye-pathological.
Ukwenza ukuxilongwa kwelabhoratri ushukela wegazi, kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukubona isifo esinjengesifo sikashukela ezigabeni zokuqala zokuthuthuka kwayo.
Le nqubo yenziwa kubo bonke abesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ngoba kuvame ukuvela isifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa, okungaholela emiphumeleni emibi ekukhuleni kwengane.
Inkomba ejwayelekile yoshukela ekuhlaziyweni yisimo sokungabikho kokuphambuka kusuka kumazinga amukelwe kwezokwelapha.
Ithebula, okuwumbhalo, libonisa ukuthi ushukela ukhonjiswa kanjani kuhlaziyo.
Ukwehliswa kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa
Yiluphi uphawu lwamazinga kashukela egazini? Ukuchazwa kwemiphumela yelebhu kungasitshelani?
Imininingwane etholakala elabhorethri kuhlolo lwegazi olujwayelekile ikhonjiswa ngendlela ethile.
Izinga le-hemoglobin (Izimpawu ze-HGB noma ze-Hb ziyasetshenziswa). Impahla yayo eyinhloko ukuhanjiswa komoya-mpilo kanye ne-carbon dioxide ngezitho nezinhlelo zomzimba. Okujwayelekile kufanele kuhambisane nezinkomba kusuka ku-110 kuya ku-160 amagremu ilitha ngalinye. Uma kunqunywa inani laso, lokhu kungakhombisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-anemia, ukushoda kwensimbi emzimbeni noma inani elanele le-folic acid. Ukwanda kwezinkomba, njengomthetho, kwenzeka ngenxa yokuzivocavoca ngokweqile komzimba, izinkinga ngamathumbu noma ukuqina kwegazi.
IHematocrit (Latin HCT) yisilinganiso samaseli egazi abomvu kuma-plasma egazi. Izinga elijwayelekile akufanele lidlule kumaphesenti angama-60. Ngesifo sikashukela, inani le-hematocrit lihlala liphakeme. Le nkomba iyakwazi ukuncipha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa engxenyeni yesibili yekota.
IsiLatini sisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa izinga lamaseli abomvu egazi - amaseli abomvu egazi - kusetshenziswa isifinyezo i-RBC. Ukuhamba kusuka enkombeni evamile kuya ohlangothini oluncane kungabhekwa ngenxa yokulahleka okukhulu kwegazi, ngokuntuleka kwezinto ezinjenge-iron namavithamini we-B. Isikhombisi sikhonjiswa ekuhlolweni kwegazi futhi singakhombisa ukuphelelwa amandla kanye nenkambo yokuvuvukala emzimbeni, kanye nokuzivocavoca okukhulu komzimba .
Isifinyezo PLT sibonisa ukubalwa kweplatelet. Isimo sazo kufanele sisuke ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-350 kuya kwezingu-500 ngegramu yegazi.
Inani lama-leukocytes (WBC), okungamaseli amhlophe, akumele libe ngaphansi kwamawaka ayi-3,5 kuya kuma-cubic millimeter. Ukuphambuka ezimeni ezisunguliwe kukhombisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ze-pathological zemvelo yokuvuvukala.
Ama-Lymphocyte (LYM) anesibopho sokuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki kwamagciwane ahlukahlukene kanye nezifo. Isimo sabo ngamaphesenti angama-30 ekwakhekeni kwegazi. Inani elandayo lama-lymphocyte lingase libe ngenxa yokuqalwa kwezifo, isifo sofuba noma i-lymphocytic leukemia.
Ngenqubo yokuhlaziywa, inkomba ebaluleke kangaka inqunywa njengezinga le-erythrocyte sedimentation rate, elikhombisa inani eliphelele lamaprotheni ku-plasma yegazi.
Ukuqaliswa kokuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical kwegazi kungafaka imininingwane elandelayo:
- Amazinga we-glucose (Glu) ajwayelekile kufanele abe phakathi kwamamilimitha angu-3.3 no-3.5 ilitha ngalinye. Ukweqiwa okukhulu kubonakalisa ukukhula kwesifo sikashukela.
- Iprotheni ejwayelekile ebhekele ukuhlanganiswa kwegazi nokuhanjiswa kwezakhi zomzimba kuzo zonke izitho nezinhlelo.
- Inani le-urea liwumphumela wokuqhekeka kwamaprotheni futhi ukujwayelekile kwawo akufanele kudlule amamililitha ayi-8,3 ilitha ngalinye.
- Izinga le-cholesterol embi nelungile (i-LDL, HDL), le nkomba inesibopho sokusebenza kwama-hormone ocansi. Izinga elijwayelekile likububanzi ukusuka ku-3.6 kuye ku-6.5 wamamilimitha ngelitha.
- Umbala we-bilirubin pigment (i-BIL) ubekwe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo enjalo yokulawula - ukusuka kumamilimitha angama-5 kuye kwangama-20 ilitha ngalinye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunesidingo, kungahlaziywa ukuhlaziywa kwe-creatinine, okukhombisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinso.
Amazinga kashukela egazi alawulwayo
Isimo esisunguliwe soshukela egazini sinokuhluka kancane elabhorethri ngayinye.
Ukungahluki (imvamisa akubalulekile) kusuka kumazinga amukelekelayo emithi awathinti ukusungulwa noma ukuphika kokuxilongwa.
Ukuqokwa kwezinkomba ezinjalo kusethwe ngokuya ngabahlaziyi basebhubhoratri.
Kwezokwelapha, idatha ebhekwa njengemikhawulo yesilinganiso imi ngalendlela elandelayo:
- kubantu abadala - kusuka ku-3.9 kuya ku-6.3 mmol ngelitha ngalinye
- ezinganeni - kusuka ku-3.3 kuya ku-5.5 mmol ngelitha ngalinye
- ezinganeni - kusuka ku-2,8 kuya ku-4.0 mmol ngelitha ngalinye.
Uma ukuxilongwa kukhombisa izinkomba ezengeziwe, lokhu kungakhombisa hhayi kuphela ukukhula kwesifo sikashukela, kodwa kube nezizathu ezilandelayo:
- Izitho ze-endocrine noma amasistimu wokugaya ukudla (ama-pancreas, i-adrenal gland, i-pituitary gland) ayathinteka.
- Uma isiguli siba nesifo sokuwa.
- Lapho usebenzisa izidakamizwa zemvelaphi yama-hormone.
- Ukungalandelani noma ukwephulwa ngamabomu kwemithetho yokuphasa uhlaziyo.
- Ngesikhathi sokudakwa nge-carbon monoxide noma ezinye izinto ezinobuthi.
Ushukela omncane wegazi enganeni noma kumuntu omdala kukhombisa inkinga yezempilo yesiguli. Kulokhu, kunezimo lapho imiphumela enjalo iyinto evamile - isici sobuntu obuthile sidlala indima.
Ukwehla okukhulu kwamazinga kashukela kungenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezinjalo:
- ukudla noma ukudla okuqinileꓼ
- ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwalaꓼ
- ukukhuluphalaꓼ
- izinqubo ze-pathological in theibindiꓼ
- ukungasebenzi kahle kwemithambo yegazi сосуд
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa kanye nengqondo kunganciphisa kakhulu ushukela wegazi.
Ulawulwa kanjani ushukela?
Ukwazi ukuthi ushukela ukhonjiswa kanjani kuhlolo lwegazi, ungalandelela ukuphambuka kwayo kusuka kudatha yokulawula futhi ulungise indlela yakho yokuphila ejwayelekile.
Ukuqashwa njalo kwamazinga kashukela kukuvumela ukuthi ukhombe ngesikhathi ukuphambuka kusuka esimweni sokuphila.
Ukwazi inkomba kashukela wegazi, ungaguqula kalula umthamo wemithi ukuze ulondoloze izinga elijwayelekile le-glucose emzimbeni.
Imiphumela yokwehlisa noma yokwandisa izinkomba ingaba:
- isiyezi ngokulahlekelwa ukwazi;
- ukukhathala okujwayelekile komzimba nokungakwazi ukugxila.
Ukulawulwa kweshukela wegazi kwenzeka ngesisekelo sendlela yokusebenza elandelayo:
- Uma kunokukhuphuka nokwenyuka kwezinga le-glucose egazini, lokhu kusebenza njengophawu lokuthi amanyikwe akhiqize i-insulin ethe xaxa - i-hormone eyehlisela ushukela wegazi.
- Futhi, isibindi sikhawula okwesikhashana ukucubungula i-glucose eyeqile entweni efana ne-glucagon. Ngenxa yale nqubo, amazinga kashukela ajwayelekile.
- Uma kunokwehla ushukela wegazi, amanyikwe awamisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin ye-hormone ukuqinisekisa amazinga ajwayelekile eglucose. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushukela uqala ukwakheka esibindini kusuka ku-glucagon, okuwukhulisa kuze kube yimikhawulo yokulawula.
Esimweni esijwayelekile nangezinkomba ezidingekayo ze-glucose, ama-pancreas akhiqiza i-insulin ngobuningi obudingeka amaseli nezicubu ukuze asebenze okujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, umzimba uthola inani elithile lamandla. Uma ushukela wegazi uphakathi kwemikhawulo ejwayelekile, akukho umthwalo owengeziwe esibindini.
Yiziphi izinkomba zoshukela wegazi ezijwayelekile ezizotshela ividiyo ekulesi sihloko.
