Ufuna ukwazi ukuthi yini inqubo yesifo sikashukela ezingeni lamaselula? Funda okucashunwe encwadini yomnqobi woMklomelo kaNobel ku-physiology kanye nezokwelapha i- "Telomere effect".
Incwadi, ebhalwe ngu-Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, usosayensi we-cytogenetic, owina umklomelo kaNobel ngokubambisana nodokotela wezengqondo u-Elissa Epel, uzinikele kakhulu ezinqubweni zokuguga ezingeni lamaselula. "Abalingiswa abaphambili" balo msebenzi bangabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi ama-telomeres - ukuphinda izingcezu ze-DNA engeyona ikhodi etholakala emaphethelweni ama-chromosomes. I-Telomeres, efinyezwa ngokuhlukaniswa kweseli ngalinye, isiza ekuboneni ukuthi amaseli ethu akhula ngokushesha kangakanani nokuthi afa nini, kuye ngokuthi aphela ngokushesha kangakanani.
Ukuvezwa okuvelele kwesayensi kwaba ukuthi izingxenye zokugcina zama-chromosomes nazo zingakhula. Ngakho-ke, ukuguga inqubo eguquguqukayo enganciphisa noma isheshiswe, futhi ngomqondo othile ibuyiselwe emuva.
Enye i-nuance ebalulekile: ama-telomeres amafushane anegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwesifo sikashukela. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka kuchazwa endimeni eyodwa evela encwadini "I-Telomere Effect. Indlela Yenguquko Yokusiza Kumncane, Ngempilo Ephakeme, Nempilo ende 'esinikezwe thina ukuthi sishicilelwe yi-Eksmo Publishing House.
Akunandaba ukuthi unesisindo esingakanani, isisu esikhulu sisho ukuthi kunezinkinga ze-metabolic. Lokhu kusebenza kubantu abanesisu sebhiya esivelayo, nalabo abane-BMI yabo ejwayelekile, kepha okhalweni kubanzi kunezinqe. Imetabolism empofu ngokuvamile isho ukuba khona kwezici eziningana zobungozi ngasikhathi sinye: amafutha asesiswini, i-cholesterol ephezulu, umfutho wegazi ophakeme kanye nokumelana ne-insulin. Uma udokotela ethola noma yiziphi zalezi zinto ezintathu kuwe, uzokuxilonga i-metabolic syndrome, okuyi-harbinger yesifo senhliziyo, umdlavuza nesifo sikashukela, okungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu empilweni yabantu kuleli khulu lama-21.
Isifo sikashukela usongo olukhulu lomhlaba. Lesi sifo sinohlu olwesabekayo nolwesabekayo lwemiphumela yesikhathi eside, kufaka phakathi isifo senhliziyo, unhlangothi, ukulahleka kombono, nokuphazamiseka kwemithambo, okungadinga ukunqunywa. Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-387 abantu emhlabeni jikelele - abacishe babe yi-9% yabantu emhlabeni - abanesifo sikashukela.
Le yindlela isifo sikashukela sohlobo II esenzeka ngayo. Isistimu yokugaya yomuntu ophilile idiliza ukudla ibe ngamangqamuzana eglucose. Amangqamuzana e-pancreatic beta akhiqiza i-hormone insulin, engena egazini futhi ivumele ushukela ukungena amaseli omzimba ukuze awusebenzise njengamafutha. Ama-molecule we-insulin abopha ama-receptors ngaphezulu kweseli njengesikhiye esifakwe ku-keyhole. Ilokhi iyaphenduka, iseli livula umnyango bese lidlula nama-molecule eglucose ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yamafutha asesiswini amaningi noma amanoni esibindini, ukumelana ne-insulin kungahle kukhule, futhi ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana ayeka ukuphendula kahle ku-insulin. Izikhiye zabo - ama-insulin receptors - ahluleka, futhi ukhiye - ama-insulin molecule - awasakwazi ukuwavula.
Ama-molecule we-glucose angenakungena esitokisini ngomnyango asakazeka egazini. Akunandaba ukuthi ama-pancreas afihla kangakanani i-insulin, ushukela uqhubeka nokuqwabelana egazini. Isifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-I sihambisana nokungasebenzi kahle kwamaseli we-beta pancreas, ngenxa yokuthi ayayeka ukukhiqiza i-insulin eyanele. Kukhona ubungozi be-metabolic syndrome. Futhi uma ungathathi izintambo zokulawula ushukela egazini, ushukela ngempela uzokhula.
Kungani abantu abanamafutha amaningi esiswini benyusa ukumelana kwabo ne-insulin kanye namathuba abo kashukela? Ukudla okungenampilo, indlela yokuphila yokuhlala nokuxineka kufaka isandla ekwakhekeni kwamafutha esiswini futhi kukhuphule noshukela wegazi. Kubantu abanesisu, ama-telomeres aba mfushane ngokuhamba kweminyaka, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwabo kubhebhethekisa inkinga ngokumelana ne-insulin.
Ocwaningweni lwaseDenmark lapho amawele angama-338 ehlanganyele khona, kwatholakala ukuthi ama-telomeres amafushane ayizigaxa zokuqina kwe-insulin eminyakeni engu-12 ezayo. Esebeni ngalinye lamawele, elinye lawo elalifushane kakhulu lakhombisa izinga elikhulu lokumelana ne-insulin. Ososayensi bakhombise kaninginingi ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-telomeres amafushane nesifo sikashukela. Ama-telomeres amafushane akhulisa ubungozi bokuba nesifo sikashukela: abantu abane-telomere short telomere syndrome bangathola lesi sifo ukwedlula sonke isibalo sabantu. Isifo sikashukela siqala ekuseni kakhulu futhi sikhula ngokushesha. Izifundo zamaNdiya, abathi ngenxa yezizathu eziningi zisengozini enkulu yesifo sikashukela, nazo zinikeza imiphumela edumazayo. Kumuntu waseNdiya onama-telomeres amafushane, amathuba okuthola isifo sikashukela eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo aphakeme kabili kunezabameleli bohlanga olufanayo olunama-telomeres amade.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta-cwaningo okubandakanya inani labantu abangaphezu kuka-7,000 kubonise ukuthi ama-telomeres amafushane emangqamuzaneni egazi awuphawu oluthembekile lwesifo sikashukela esizayo.
Asazi nje kuphela indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela, kodwa singabheka ngisho nasemakhanseleni futhi sibone okwenzeka kukho. UMary Armanios nozakwabo bakhombisile ukuthi kumagundane, lapho ama-telomeres ancishiswa emzimbeni wonke (ososayensi bakuthola lokhu ngokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo), amaseli we-pancreatic beta alahlekelwa amandla abo okuveza i-insulin. Amaseli we-stem kuma-pancreas ayaguga, ama-telomeres awo abe amafushane kakhulu, futhi awasakwazi ukuphindaphinda inani lamaseli we-beta abhekele ukukhiqizwa kwe-insulin nokulawulwa kwezinga lawo. Lamaseli ayafa. Futhi thayipha isifo sikashukela sehla size ibhizinisi.
Njengoba kunesifo sikashukela sohlobo II esijwayelekile, amangqamuzana e-beta awafi, kepha ukusebenza kwawo kuyaphazamiseka. Ngakho-ke, nakulesi simo, ama-telomeres amafushane kuma-pancreas angadlala indima. Kumuntu ophile kahle, ibhuloho kusuka emafutheni esiswini kuya kushukela kungaholela ekulimaleni okungalapheki. Amafutha asesiswini anengxenye enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kokuvuvukala kunalokho, athi, amanoni okhalweni.
Amaseli we-tishu e-Adipose athola izinto ezihlasela ngaphakathi ezihlasela amaseli amasosha omzimba, ngaphambi kwesikhathi azenze zinciphe futhi zibhubhise ama-telomeres awo. Njengoba ukhumbula, amangqamuzana amadala, nawo, ayemukelwa ukuthi athumele amasiginali angayeki akhuthaza ukuvuvukala emzimbeni wonke - kutholakala umbuthano onobubi. Uma unamafutha asesiswini ngokweqile, kufanele unakekele ukuzivikela ekulimazeni okungamahlalakhona, kuma-telomeres amafushane, naku-metabolic syndrome. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi udle ukudla ukuze ukhiphe amafutha esiswini, funda kuze kube sekupheleni: unganquma ukuthi ukudla kuzodla kuphela. Ungakhathazeki: sizokunikeza ezinye izindlela zokwengeza i-metabolism yakho.
Ukudla, ama-telomeres kanye nemetabolism kuyaxhunyaniswa, kepha lobu ubudlelwano obunzima kakhulu. Nazi iziphetho ezifinyelelwe ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene abafunda umphumela wokuncipha kwesisindo kuma-telomeres.
- Ukwehla kwesisindo kunciphisa izinga lokuqunjelwa kwe-telomere.
- Ukwehla kwesisindo akuphazamisi ama-telomeres.
- Ukucwilisa kusiza ukukhulisa ubude bama-telomeres.
- Ukwehla kwesisindo kuholela ekunciphisweni kwama-telomeres.
Ukuphawula okuphikisana, akunjalo? (Isiphetho sokugcina sithathwe ocwaningweni lwabantu abahlinzwa i-bariatric: ngonyaka olandelayo, ama-telomeres abo aba amafushane ngokubonakalayo. Kepha lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuxineka ngokomzimba okuhambisana nokuhlinzwa).
Sikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuphikisana kuphinde kukhombise ukuthi isisindo sodwa asibalulekanga kangako. Ukulahlekelwa isisindo kuphela ngokwemibandela ejwayelekile kuzosikisela ukuthi i-metabolism iyashintsha ibe ngcono. Phakathi kwalezi zinguquko ukukhipha amafutha esiswini. Kwanele ukunciphisa isisindo sisonke - futhi inani lamafutha asondele esinqeni lizokwehla ngokungenakuvinjwa, ikakhulukazi uma uba nomdlandla kwezemidlalo, hhayi nje ukunciphisa ukuncipha kwekhalori. Olunye ushintsho oluhle ukwanda kokuzwela kwe-insulin. Ososayensi ababuke iqembu lamavolontiya iminyaka eyi-10-12 bathola ukuthi: njengoba bethola isisindo (okuyinto ejwayelekile kubantu abaningi abaneminyaka yobudala), ama-telomeres abo amafushane. Ngemuva kwalokho ososayensi banquma ukuthola ukuthi yisiphi isici esidlala indima enkulu - ukukhuluphala ngokweqile noma izinga lokumelana ne-insulin, okuhambisana nakho. Kwavela ukuthi kungukungamelana ne-insulin okwenza indlela yokukhuluphala ngokweqile.
Umqondo wokuthi ukunakekela imetabolism ubaluleke kakhulu kunokumane ulahlekelwe isisindo kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi konke ngoba ukudla kungadala ukushisa komzimba.
Lapho nje sehlisa isisindo, kungena indlela yangaphakathi esebenza ephazamisa ukuhlanganisa umphumela. Umzimba ubonakala sengathi uzama ukugcina isisindo esithile futhi, lapho sesinciphisa isisindo, sinciphisa i-metabolism ukuze sithole amakhilogremu alahlekile (i-metabolic adaptation). Leli iqiniso elaziwayo, kepha akekho noyedwa owayengacabanga ukuthi ukuvumelana nalokho kungahamba kuze kube nini. Isifundo esidabukisayo safundiswa kithi ngamavolontiya anesibindi avumile ukubamba iqhaza kulombukiso weqiniso "The Biggest Loser". Umbono wakhe ulula: abantu abakhuluphele kakhulu bancintisana phakathi kwabo abazonciphisa isisindo ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa nengxenye ngokudla nokuzivocavoca.
UDkt Kevin Hall, kanye nozakwabo baseNational Institute of Health, banquma ukubheka ukuthi ukulahla ngokushesha okunjalo kwamakhilogremu kuthinte kanjani umfutho wababambe iqhaza abathi, sekupheleni kombukiso, wehlela ku-40% wesisindo sabo sokuqala (cishe amakhilogremu angama-58). Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha, iHholo lalinganisa isisindo sabo nesilinganiso se-metabolic. Abaningi babo balulama, kepha bakwazi ukuhlala ezingeni elilingana nama-88% esisindo sokuqala (ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza embukisweni). Kepha into engemnandi kakhulu: lapho kuphela uhlelo, umzimba wabo wehle kakhulu kangangokuba umzimba waqala ukushisa amakhalori angama-610 nsuku zonke.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha, ngaphandle kwesisindo esisanda kutholwa, ukuzivumelanisa nemetabolic kwaphawuleka kakhulu, futhi manje ababambiqhaza embukisweni bashisa amakhalori angama-700 kancane ngosuku ngokwesikhombisi sokuqala. Kungazelelwe, akunjalo? Kuyiqiniso, bambalwa abantu abanciphisa isisindo kakhulu futhi ngokushesha okukhulu, kepha ngamunye wethu unciphisa isilinganiso se-metabolic ngemuva kokulahlekelwa isisindo, okungenani ngezinga elincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mphumela uphikelela ngemuva kokusethwa okuphindaphindiwe kwamakhilogremu alahlekile.
Le nto yaziwa ngokuthi umjikelezo wesisindo: i-dieter bese ibeka isisindo, bese iyakuthola, iphinde futhi ithulule izinzuzo nokunye.
Kulabo abafuna ukwehlisa isisindo, abangaphansi kwama-5% bayakwazi ukunamathela ngokuqinile ekudleni futhi bahlanganise umphumela osuwutholile okungenani iminyaka emihlanu. Ama-95% asele angahle ayilahle ngokuphelele imizamo yokunciphisa isisindo, noma aqhubeke nayo, ngezikhathi ezithile adle, anciphise isisindo bese elulama futhi. Kwabaningi bethu, le ndlela isibe yingxenye yendlela yokuphila, ikakhulukazi yabesifazane abahleka ihlandla kulokhu (ngokwesibonelo: "Intombazane emfishane ihlala ngaphakathi kimi icela ukungadedelwa. Ngokuvamile ngiyayinika amakhukhi bese iyehlisa" ) Kepha kwasungulwa ukuthi umjikelezo wesisindo uholela ekunciphisweni kobude be-telomere. Umjikelezo wesisindo uyingozi kakhulu empilweni yethu futhi usabalele kakhulu kangangokuba sifuna ukuletha lolu lwazi kuwo wonke umuntu. Abantu abahlala bedla ukudla bazikhawulela isikhashana, bese bengakwazi ukukubamba futhi baqale ukuzitika kakhulu ngamaswidi kanye nenye imfucumfucu. Ukushintsha okungazelelwe phakathi kwezindlela zokuvinqelwa nezokuzidla ngokweqile kuyinkinga enkulu kakhulu.
