Isenzo se-insulin emzimbeni

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Njengoba izibalo zomhlaba zibonisa, abantu abangaphezulu kwama-20% emhlabeni banesifo sikashukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lalaba bantu latholakala ukuthi linesifo sikashukela esincike ku-insulin, esingalapheki. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi isiguli asikwazi ukuhola impilo ejwayelekile. Konke okudingekayo ukuhlinzeka ngomzimba nge-insulin. Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa imijovo ekhethekile, ukwakheka kwayo kwenziwa ngokuqinile ngokohlelo olunqunywe ngudokotela. Kepha iyini indlela yokusebenza ye-insulin? Futhi kusiza kanjani abanesifo sikashukela?

Indima ye-insulin emzimbeni womuntu

I-insulin yi-hormone ekhethekile ebamba iqhaza kuma-carbohydrate metabolism. Nguye obandakanyeka ekuwohlokeni kwe-glucose futhi ohlinzeka ngokugcwaliswa kwamaseli omzimba ngamandla adingekayo. Amanyikwe ayabandakanyeka ekwenziweni kwale hormone. Ngokuphula ubuqotho noma ukusebenza kwamaseli alesi sitho, i-insulin ikhiqizwa ngamanani amancane, ngenxa yalokho umzimba uqala ukuzwa ukuntuleka kuwo, okukhonjiswa ngokwanda koshukela wegazi.

Kulokhu, umsebenzi wezinso nesibindi uyaphazamiseka, izinto ezinobuthi ziqala ukuqongelela emzimbeni, zithinte kabi zonke izitho nezinhlelo zangaphakathi. Futhi okokuqala, i-vascular system ihlushwa yilokhu. Ngaphansi kwethonya loshukela nezinto ezinobuthi, ithoni yezindonga zemithambo yegazi iyancipha, iba yizijikijolo nezihlakala, lapho izingozi zokuhlaselwa yisifo sohlangothi nokuqunjelwa kwe-myocardial kukhuphuka kaningana.

Ushukela wegazi ophakeme futhi uthinta izinqubo zokuvuselela umzimba emzimbeni. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi ngesimo sesikhumba. Noma yikuphi ukusikeka nokulimala kuyaphola isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuvame ukutheleleka bese kukhula kube izilonda. Futhi lokhu kuyingozi, ngoba ngokuhambisana nezilonda, amathuba okukhula kwesiqubu futhi ayanda.

Njengoba i-insulin idlala indima ebalulekile ekugayweni, izitho zamathumbu esiswini zithinteka kakhulu ngenxa yokushoda kwayo. Izingozi zokuthola i-gastritis, i-pancreatitis nezinye izifo eziningi ziyanda. Futhi ukuze kugwemeke imiphumela emibi ekuthuthukisweni kwesifo sikashukela, odokotela banquma ukwelashwa okubuyiselwe esikhundleni, okubandakanya imijovo ye-insulin.

Indlela yokusebenza

Ekhuluma ngendlela i-insulin esebenza ngayo emzimbeni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isebenza ngqo nge-protein receptor. Iprotheyini eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlanganisa ulwelwesi lweseli, equkethe iziqeshana ezi-2. Kwezokwelapha, kubhekwa njenge-a no-b. Unembe ngamunye ophethe ine-polypeptide chain yakhe.


Amaketanga we-polypeptide we-insulin subunits

Isenzo se-insulin sinje: okokuqala, singena ekuxhumaneni ne-subunit, ngaleyo ndlela siguqule ukwenziwa kwayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-b-subunit iyabandakanyeka kule nqubo, esethula iketanga lokuphendula okuthe xaxa ukuze kusebenze ama-enzyme adingekayo ekuqhekekeni kwe-glucose nokufakwa kwayo kumaseli.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi yize iqiniso lokuthi umphumela we-insulin emzimbeni uye wafundwa ososayensi amakhulu eminyaka, izici zalo ze-biochemical bezingafundwa ngokuphelele. Noma kunjalo, sekuvele kwaziwa ukuthi "abammeli" besibili babamba iqhaza kuyo yonke le nqubo, lapho ama-diacylglycerols ne-inositol trifosvats enza khona. Banikeza ukusebenza kwe-protein kinase C ngomphumela we-phosphorylating futhi kuhlotshaniswa ne-intracellular metabolism.

Lezi zalamuli zinikeza ukwanda kwe-glucose kumangqamuzana omzimba, ngaleyo ndlela kugcwalise amandla. Okokuqala, i-insulin receptor tata icwiliswa ku-cytosol, bese ibhujiswa ezindlini zokulala, emva kwalokho izinqubo zokucekeleka phansi zenzeka - ingxenye ye-insulin ibhujiswe, enye ingxenye yathunyelwa kuzitho zangqamuzana futhi yakhelwe kuzo futhi.

I-insulin yi-hormone enomphumela oqondile ezinqubweni ze-metabolic emzimbeni wonke. Imiphumela eminingi yayo ibonwaomphumelaomphumela wayo wokusebenza kuma-enzyme amaningi. Ingenye yezinhlobo ezisiza ushukela wegazi ophansi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa:

  • ukuthuthukisa ukumuncwa kwe-glucose ngama-membranes weseli;
  • kusebenze kwama-enzyme e-glycolysis;
  • khuphula umsebenzi wokukhiqiza i-glycogen;
  • ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-gluconeogeneis, ebhekele ukwakhiwa kwe-glucose kumaseli wesibindi.

Izici eziphambili ze-insulin

I-insulin ukuphela kwe-hormone ekhulisa ukumunyiswa amaseli ama-amino acid adingekayo ekusebenzeni kwawo okuvamile, kanye nokunikezwa kwe-potassium, magnesium ne-phosphate ion kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-insulin ithuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha acid ngokuguqula i-glucose ibe yi-triglycerides. Uma ukuntuleka kwe-insulin kubonwa emzimbeni, lokhu kuholela ekufukameleni kwamafutha nokufakwa kwawo ezicutshini zezitho zangaphakathi.

Umphumela we-anti-catabolic we-insulin emzimbeni ubangelwa ukuncipha kwenqubo ye-protein hydrolysis, ngenxa yokuthi ukuncipha kwabo kuncishisiwe (ngenxa yokuthi iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela zine-insulin, ukuwohloka kwamaprotheni kuyanda, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwezwi lemisipha nobuthakathaka).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-insulin ihlinzeka ukwehla kwe-lipolysis, okunciphisa ukugcwala kwamafutha acid egazini kanye nengozi yesifo se-cholesterol, i-thrombophlebitis, njll. ukuthola okuncane kakhulu.

Umphumela kuma-carbohydrate metabolism

Njengoba sekuvele sekucacile, i-insulin yi-hormone ebamba iqhaza cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo emzimbeni. Kepha njengoba sikhuluma ngqo ngesifo sikashukela, kuyadingeka ukuthi ucabangele ngokuningiliziwe umphumela we-insulin kuma-carbohydrate metabolism.

Esimweni lapho kuntuleka khona ukuntuleka kwale-hormone emzimbeni, lokhu kufaka ukwephulwa kwenqubo yokungena kweglucose kumaseli wezicubu zemisipha, okuholela ekunciphiseni kokugcinwa kwamandla. Lapho izinga le-insulin lenyuka ngamanani ajwayelekile, le nqubo iyabuyiselwa, futhi ngendlela yemvelo.


Isidingo somzimba se-insulin, kuya ngezinga lomsebenzi womzimba

Kodwa-ke, ngokunyuka komzimba, ama-membrane amaseli andisa ukuqina kwawo futhi amunce ushukela omningi kunokujwayelekile. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka noma ngabe izinga kashukela wegazi liphansi kakhulu. Kodwa ubungozi bokuthola i-hypoglycemic coma kuleli cala banda kaningana.

I-insulin receptor idlala indima enkulu enqubweni ye-glucose homeostasis. Uma kuphazamiseka, lokhu kuholela ekuguqukeni okuwohloka kwamangqamuzana, okucasulayo ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo eziningi, phakathi kwazo okungekho kuphela isifo sikashukela, kodwa nomdlavuza.

Ngabe kwenziwa ini i-insulin kwabanesifo sikashukela

Uma ucabanga ngesenzo se-insulin, umuntu ngeke asho ngomphumela wawo esibindini. Kukulesi sitho lapho umzimba ufaka ushukela ngokweqile, ngokungathi kunjalo, endaweni yokubekelwa, uyikhulula kuphela lapho izinga loshukela wegazi liyehla liye emazingeni abucayi.

Futhi elinye iphuzu elibalulekile: i-insulin, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ibandakanyeka enqubweni ye-glycolysis, isebenzisa ukwakheka kwama-enzymes athile, ngaphandle kwawo ukweqiwa nokwamukelwa kweglucose ngamaseli akunakwenzeka.

Umthelela kumaphrotheni metabolism

I-insulin idlala indima ebalulekile hhayi kuphela kuma-carbohydrate metabolism, kodwa futhi nakumaprotheni. Nguye ohlinzeka ngokuqhekeka kwamaprotheni eza nokudla kuma-amino acid, okwenza kusebenze ukwakheka kwamaprotheni akho emzimbeni. Ngokuntuleka kwe-insulin, le nqubo iyaphazamiseka, okuholela ezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-insulin isheshisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-DNA ngokushukumisa ukwakheka kweRNA.

Umthelela kuma-metabolism wamafutha

I-insulin nayo ithatha ingxenye esebenzayo ku-lipogenesis - ukwakheka kwamafutha acid. Ukwakheka kwabo kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubola kwama-carbohydrate. Futhi ama-acid anamafutha nawo abaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni, ngoba ngaphandle kwawo kukhona ukwephulwa kwe-metabolism yamafutha, ehambisana nokuthuthukiswa kokukhuluphala kanye nokubekwa kwamaseli wamafutha ezithweni zangaphakathi.

Umjovo we-insulin

Ngokuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela i-mellitus, udinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha. Njengomthetho, ekuqaleni abantu batholakala ukuthi bane-T2DM, futhi uma kungalandelwa imithetho yokudla nemithi yemithi, kuqhamuka i-T1D1, lapho imijovo ye-insulin ingasatshalaliswa nayo.


Ngokuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1, imijovo ye-insulin kuphela evumela ukuthi ubuyela empilweni yakho ejwayelekile

Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zezidakamizwa eziqukethe i-insulin ziyahlukaniswa:

  • Isenzo esisheshayo. Baqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-5 ngemuva kokuphatha ngokungenangqondo futhi bafinyelele inani labo eliphakeme ngemuva kwehora eli-1. Kepha, izidakamizwa ezinjalo zinokubuyisa okukodwa - azihlali isikhathi eside, futhi ukwethula kwazo kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokudla ngakunye noma lapho kudalwa i-hypoglycemic coma.
  • Isenzo esifushane. Ukusebenza kahle kubonwa imizuzu engama-30 ngemuva kokuphatha. Imijovo enjalo nayo isetshenziswa ngaphambi kokudla. Kodwa-ke, umphumela wayo uhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunale se-insulin esebenza ngokushesha.
  • Isenzo esiphakathi. Izidakamizwa ezinjalo zisetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa nama-insulin asheshayo noma amafushane. Ukusebenza kahle ngemuva kokuzithatha kuyabonakala amahora amaningi.
  • Ukwenza into ende. Izidakamizwa ze-Hypoglycemic, ukusebenza kwazo okubonwa usuku lonke. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezinjalo kuyadingeka nangama-insulin amafushane futhi asheshayo. Zisetshenziswa kaningana ngosuku ngaphambi kokudla ukudla ngezikhathi ezithile.

Yisiphi isidakamizwa esizobe sinqunyelwe isiguli kuya ngesimo sakhe kanye nobunzima benkambo yesifo. Ukukhetha ikhambi elifanele, odokotela kudingeka bahlole imininingwane yama-molecule egazi ngokwengeziwe. Kulokhu, i-biochemistry yegazi le-venous negazi eliphuma emunweni empeleni lenziwa.

Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa, udokotela uzokwazi ukukhetha hhayi kuphela umuthi, kepha nomthamo wawo, ozoba ngempumelelo kakhulu futhi uphephe esigulini. Njengoba umthamo ongalungile we-insulin ungaholela ku-hypoglycemia kanye nezinkinga ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuzelapha kungaba nje akunakwenzeka. Ukusetshenziswa kwemijovo ye-insulin kufanele kwenzeke ngaphansi kokuqashwa ngodokotela okuqinile.

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