Indlela yokusebenza ye-insulin: i-biochemistry ne-biosynthesis ye-hormone

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Isifo sikashukela yisifo esijwayelekile esithinta abantu banoma yibuphi ubudala nabobulili. Kufanele ube nomqondo wokuthi yiziphi izimpawu nezinqubo ezilandelwa ngalesi sifo.

Izindlela zokuxilonga kuzokwenza ukuthi bakwazi ukuqala ukwelashwa okuyikho ukuze banciphise imiphumela emibi yalesi sifo esiyingozi.

Ngokwenza ngokuhlelekile izindlela zokwelapha ezibekiwe, iziguli zingaphila impilo ephelele isikhathi eside. Esigabeni esithile sabantu abanesifo sikashukela, kuyabonakala imijovo ye-insulin ejwayelekile.

Yini i-insulin

I-insulin yi-hormone ekhethekile ethintekayo kulawulo lwezinqubo eziningi zamakhemikhali emzimbeni. Ukwazi ukuthi yikuphi ukwelashwa okuzozuzisa umuntu, kubalulekile kuye ukuthi aqonde indlela yokusebenza kwe-insulin ngaphakathi emzimbeni, ukwakheka noma i-biosynthesis, umgomo wezenzo ku-receptor ngayinye.

Ikakhulu, kuyadingeka ukudalula:

  • izici zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali ezenzeka nge-insulin,
  • Izinhlobo zezidakamizwa ezinaleli-hormone,
  • Izidingo ze-insulin
  • izindlela zokwazisa
  • izizathu zesidingo sokuqapha okuhleliwe kwesimo somzimba womuntu.

I-insulin ikhiqizwa ngokwemvelo emzimbeni womuntu. Lapho kugayishwa ukudla, ama-carbohydrate avela emikhiqizweni aguqulwa abe ushukela wegazi. I-insulin ingumhlinzeki wamandla oyinhloko emzimbeni. I-hormone ikhiqizwa kuma-pancreas.

I-hormone ineqhaza elibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwe-glucose, ikakhulukazi, ekwakhiweni kwesigcino sayo. Ngokubambisana ne-insulin, amanye ama-hormone, ngokwesibonelo, ama-amylin ne-glucagon, ahlanganyela kule nqubo.

I-insulin isebenza njengegalelo lemvelo lokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okusekwe kuwo umetabolism emzimbeni. Le hormone yenza inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo: ukushintshwa kwe-glucose kwizitho nezicubu ezahlukahlukene, kuyiguqula yaba yi-glycogen.

Ukuntuleka kwe-insulin kungadala isifo sikashukela. Izimpawu eziphambili yilezi:

  • ukuchama ngokweqile (amalitha ayi-6-10 ngosuku),
  • ukoma okungapheli
  • isimo se-hyperclycemia
  • ketonemia
  • i-metabolism engajwayelekile
  • ukwehla okukhulu kwenani le-glycogen equkethe izicubu nesibindi,
  • lipidemia (ukukhuphuka kwamafutha egazini),
  • glucosuria.

I-insulin ithinta ngokuqinile ukwakheka kwe-glycogen, kuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwama-amino acid kube ushukela. Lokhu kuchaza isidingo sokufaka i-insulin ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba umuntu ematasa nomsebenzi wokuzivocavoca.

Phakathi kokunye, i-insulin ibandakanyeka ekunikezelweni kwama-amino acid kumaseli, okwenza ukuba kutholakale imicu ephakeme. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi le mahomoni iwuthinta kabi umzimba womuntu. Lokhu kuvezwe ekubukweni kwe-triglycerides, okuyizicubu ze-adipose. Ngakho-ke isendlalelo sama-subcutaneous fat iba sikhulu.

Lokhu kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu zokusebenzisa le hormone.

Umphumela we-insulin ezinqubweni ze-metabolic

Izindlela zesenzo se-insulin emzimbeni ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokuthi iyiphi inqubo ebunjiwe. Lokho wukuthi, le mphumela inamthelela muni kuma-glucose metabolism.

Uma izinga le-insulin egazini alanele, khona-ke ushukela awunakungena kumaseli wezicubu zomzimba. Kulokhu, umzimba uthola wonke amandla kuphela kusuka ku-oxidation wamafutha acid.

Emithwalweni ephezulu kakhulu, ama-membrane amaseli angaphinde avunyelwe ukuba noshukela ngisho nalapho ukugcwala kwe-insulin egazini kuphansi kakhulu.

I-insulin idlala indima enkulu ezinqubweni ze-metabolic. Kuyinto i-transmembrane receptor esebenza nge-insulin enomsebenzi obalulekile ku-glucose homeostasis.

Uma i-homeostasis ingahambi kahle, igcwala ukwanda kwezifo eziwohlokayo, kubandakanya umdlavuza nesifo sikashukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukunaka isibindi esikhethekile. Lo mzimba ugcina ushukela emzimbeni.

I-glucose ingadedelwa kumaseli wesibindi lapho kuvela isidingo sokuqala. I-insulin isebenzisa ukwakheka kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-glycolysis Enzymes (phosphofrodinase, hexokinase ne-pyruvate kinase). Ngaphandle kwabo, inqubo yokuhlukanisa ushukela ibingenakwenzeka.

Amaprotheni atholakala ngokudla ahlukaniswe ama-amino acid adingekayo, kuwo lawo maprotheni amanye ahlanganiswa emzimbeni. Inkambo ejwayelekile yale nqubo kungenzeka kuphela ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-insulin. Le hormone inikeza iningi lama-asidi.

I-insulin nayo ikhulisa kakhulu isilinganiso sokuqoshwa kwe-DNA, esivusa ukwakheka kweRNA. Ngakho-ke, i-insulin ithinta ukwakheka kwamaprotheni emzimbeni womuntu.

I-insulin ibandakanyeka kakhulu ku-lipid metabolism, ikakhulukazi esigabeni se-lipogenesis, okungukuthi, ukuhlanganiswa kwamafutha acid.

I-enzyme ye-lipogeneis ingasebenza kuphela ngokuhlanganyela kwe-insulin. Uma le hormone ingekho, khona-ke ngeke kube khona imetabolism ejwayelekile.

I-Mechanism yesenzo se-insulin

Amaseli we-insulin okuhlosiwe ngamaphuzu ezenzo zehormone. I-insulin inegalelo ekugcineni nasekuqongeleleni amafutha kanye noshukela, osebenza njengemithombo yamandla, ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana. I-hormone inethonya elihle ezinqubweni ze-metabolic kwezicubu, kuvuselela ukukhula kweseli.

Isibindi siyisitho esiyinhloko lapho kungena khona i-insulin. Kulesi sitho, ukubekwa phansi kweglucose kuyathuthukiswa, okubandakanya ukuqongelela kwayo ngesimo se-glycogen. Ngaphakathi kwesibindi, ama-80% e-insulin, asetshenziswa ngokwenziwa kwamanyikwe abantu. Inani elisele le-insulin lingena egazini, bese lingena ezinso.

Njengoba wazi, fat kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokugcina amandla emzimbeni womuntu. Ukwakheka kwalo kusuka eglucose kuvusa ne-hormone insulin. Bakha uhlobo lwezindawo ezinamafutha. Ngokwesilinganiso, emzimbeni wesilisa onesisindo esingu-70 kg kunama-13 kg wamafutha. Ubuningi balawa mafutha kuku-izicubu ze-adipose.

I-insulin inciphisa ukugcwala kwama-acid wamahhala egazini, futhi iphinde ikhuthaze ukuqoqwa kwama-triglycerides kumaseli kwelitshe lamafutha.

I-insulin yenza isenzo sayo ngokusebenzisa i-protein receptor. Le receptor yiprotheni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlanganisa ulwelwesi lweseli, eyakhiwe ngokuvela ezingxenyeni ezimbili (a no b). Ngamunye wabo wakhiwa ngamaketanga amabili we-polypeptide.

I-insulin ethize ebopha kakhulu i-α-subunit ye-receptor, ishintsha izici zayo lapho i-hormone inamathiselwe. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi we-tyrosine kinase uvela ku-subunit b, lokhu kuvuselela ukusabela okugqinsiwe nge-activation ye-enzyme.

I-biochemistry yonke yemiphumela yokusebenzelana kwe-insulin ne-receptor namanje akukacaci, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi ukubonakala kwabalameli besibili, okungukuthi i-diacylglycerols ne-inositol triphosphate. Umphumela omkhulu ukwenziwa kwe-enzyme yamaprotheni kinase C enomphumela we-phosphorylating. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko kumetabolism engaphakathi kwamaseli.

Imiphumela ye-Metabolic ye-insulin

I-insulin isheshisa ukuguqulwa kwe-glucose ibe yi-triglycerides. Uma kunokuntuleka kwe-insulin, khona-ke inqubo ephikisanayo ivela - ukuhlanganisa amafutha.

Umphumela we-anticatabolic ye-hormone ukuthi i-insulin ivimbela i-proteinrolrol, okungukuthi, inciphisa ukonakala kwamaprotheni. Kukhona futhi ukwehla kwe-lipolysis - ukuncipha kokudla kwamafutha acid egazini.

Kwambulwa ukuthi umthamo omncane kakhulu obulala i-insulin amayunithi ayi-100. Abanye basinda ngisho nangemva kwama-3000 amayunithi. Uma kungenzeka ukuthi kune-overdose enkulu, udinga ukubiza iqembu le-ambulensi.

I-insulin inemiphumela elandelayo:

  1. ithuthukisa ukufakwa kweglucose nezinye izinto ngamaseli,
  2. yenza kusebenze ama-enzyme amakhulu we-glycolysis,
  3. kwandisa ukuqina kokuqamba kwe-glycogen,
  4. ukwehla kwamandla e-gluconeogenesis: ukwakheka kwe-glucose esibindini kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene kuyancipha.

Umphumela we-anabolic we-hormone uvezwa ku:

  • ukumunyiswa okuthe xaxa ngamaseli wama-amino acid (i-valine ne-leucine),
  • ukuthuthukisa ukulethwa kwe-potassium, phosphate ne-magnesium ion esitokisini,
  • ithuthukisa ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kanye ne-biosynthesis,
  • ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwamafutha acid kanye nokuhlolwa kwawo okulandelayo.

Kungathatha amahora amaningi ukwenza ukoma, ngakho-ke noma umthamo obulalayo we-insulin ngeke ubangele ukufa. Noma kunjalo, usadinga ukwazi ukuthi yikuphi ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo okufanele kube yikho ukuthi unesifo sikashukela.

Imithetho ye-insulin

Isheduli yokuphathwa komuthi nomuthi ofanele kakhulu kufanele usungulwe ngudokotela onekhono wokuya kudokotela, ebheka zonke izici zomuntu onesifo sikashukela. Uhlobo lwesifundo saleso sifo kanye nesimo sempilo esikhona njengamanje kufanele futhi kubhekwe.

Intengo ye-insulin cishe ama-ruble angama-600-700. Lo muthi kufanele usetshenziswe kuphela ngaphansi kokuqashwa ngudokotela.

Izindlela zomsebenzi we-insulin ye-hormone zicacile emithini yesimanje. Ekwelashweni kwabantu abanesifo sikashukela, kusetshenziswa izidakamizwa ezihlangabezana nesigaba esithile.

Lezi zinhlobo ze-insulin ziyahlukaniswa:

  1. Ukusebenza kwe-insulin okusheshayo. Umphumela wento enjalo uvela emizuzwini emi-5 ngemuva kokuphathwa. Umphumela omkhulu usehora. Isenzo se-insulin enjalo siguqukela kuye ngokushesha. Kuyadliwa
  2. Isikhashana se-insulin. Umuntu uzwa isenzo se-hormone engxenyeni yehora. I-insulin kufanele ikhishwe ngaphambi kokudla,
  3. I-insulin yesikhathi esiphakathi. Lolu hlobo lwesidakamizwa kumele lusetshenziswe nge-insulin esebenza ngokushesha noma inketho esheshayo. Ngakho-ke, umphumela ongapheli uzotholakala,
  4. I-insulin esebenza isikhathi eside. Kwethulwa ekuseni futhi kusebenza usuku lonke. Ingasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nokubamba ngokushesha noma i-insulin esebenza ngokufushane.

Manje, abantu abanesifo sikashukela banezinketho eziningana zokusebenzisa i-insulin. I-hormone ingafakelwa isirinji enalithi elincanyana ezinocansi. Ngale ndlela, imijovo esheshayo futhi engenabuhlungu ingenziwa. Inalithi enjalo ifakwa kwezicubu ze-adipose noma ezingxenyeni ezinjalo zomzimba:

  • ngaphansi kwesikhumba
  • esiswini
  • izinqe
  • amahlombe
  • okhalweni.

Ngokubambisana ne-insulin, angathengisa ipeni yesirinji, efakwe esikalini somthamo. Ezimweni eziningi, le divayisi ine-cartridge eyakhelwe ngaphakathi.

I-hormone nayo ingalashwa ngenaliti, kepha kwenziwa umjovo usebenzisa i-trigger, hhayi ipiston. Idivaysi enjalo ilungele ukuyisebenzisa ezinganeni okufanele zenze ukuzilawula ngomuthi.

Iphampu lenza ukuthi sikwazi ukujova njalo i-insulin ngokungagungqi. Imvamisa, idivaysi isetshenziselwa isisu. Ngemuva kwezikhathi ezidingekayo, iphampu izohola i-insulin emzimbeni ngethhubhu. Iphampu yithuluzi elithandwayo eliqeda isidingo semijovo.

Kepha le ndlela isabangela ukungakhululeki okuthile. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhulu lososayensi lisebenza ukuthola izindlela ezikahle kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-insulin. Phambilini bekunenqubo yokudumisa ukwethulwa kwe-hormone ngokuphefumula, kepha lokhu akuphumelelanga.

Okwamanje, ukuthengiswa kwemishini enjalo kuvinjelwe. Imisebenzi iyaqhubeka ukudala izifafaza ezikhethekile nama-plasters akhethekile angavumela ukuphathwa kwe-insulin ye-hormone ngomgudu womlomo. Kodwa-ke, lawo madivayisi awatholakali ukusetshenziswa kabanzi.

Ukuze i-insulin esebenza isikhathi eside ifakwe egazini esikhathini esifushane, kufanele ifakwe esiswini. Ingxenye ethile yabantu ithanda ukunikela ngemijovo ehlombe. Kaningi, abantu abanesifo sikashukela bafaka i-insulin ezinkalweni nasemathangeni abo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umuthi kumele uphathwe kancane kulezi zindawo.

Ukuqonda izindlela zokusebenzisa kwe-insulin ye-hormone, udinga ukujova njalo ngendlela efanayo endaweni efanayo yomzimba. Kepha ukuze kuvikeleke izimpawu eziwubala nezibonakalayo, kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukuthi kuguqulwe ingxenye yomzimba lapho kuzofakwa khona i-insulin. Imvamisa, izindawo zemijovo zishintshana ngokubuthana.

Lapho usebenzisa i-insulin, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubheka amazinga kashukela egazini njalo. Le nto ithonywa:

  • ukudla nezikhathi zokudla,
  • imisebenzi yezemidlalo yesiguli,
  • ubhekana nemizwa emihle noma emibi,
  • izici zokwelashwa kwezinye izifo.

Izici zobunikazi zingathinta inkambo yesifo kubantu abahlukahlukene noma ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zempilo yomuntu. Zonke izinsuku, umuntu kufanele alinganise ushukela wegazi izikhathi eziningana ukuze akwazi ukulawula ngokuphelele isimo samanje nesimo somzimba.

Ukuhlola izinga le-glucose, udinga ukuthatha igazi kusuka emunweni wakho. Ngokusekelwe kokuqapha okunjalo, kufinyelela iziphetho ezithile. Ukusuka ekutheni ushukela ungakanani egxiliwe egazini, uhlelo lokubalwa kwe-insulin elawulwayo lubalwa.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 sivame ukuhlala impilo yonke.

Ngakho-ke, udinga ukubhekisisa isimo sakho somzimba kanye namanyikwe, akhiqiza i-insulin.

Izeluleko ezibalulekile

Iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela kufanele zilawule ukusetshenziswa kokudla, kanye nenani lemisebenzi yezemidlalo kanye nokudla kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Abantu abathembele kwe-insulin kufanele bahlole indlela yabo yokuphila ngokuqine kakhulu.

Lezi ziguli kudingeka zenze ukuhleleka kwemijovo ye-insulin. Kuya ngesikhathi sosuku nezinye izinto eziningana. I-insulin ye-hormone kumele ihlale ithathelwa indawo yilowo ongeke ukwazi ukwenziwa ngokuzimele ngenani elifanele ngamapancake abantu.

Lokhu kwelashwa ngomqondo othile kuthuthukisa isimo somuntu futhi kumsize ukuba aphile impilo ephelele.

Muva nje, ethandwa kakhulu izinketho zakamuva. Ipeni lesirinji iyindlela elula kakhulu elungele ngisho nezingane ezincane okufanele zenze imijovo ye-insulin ngokwazo.

Iphampu inciphisa isidingo sokuphathwa kwe-insulin ngenaliti, lokhu kufanelekile kwiziguli eziningi. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi yonke imithamo enqunywe udokotela oholayo kumele ibhekwe.

Akunconyelwe ukwephula irejimeni yokwelashwa, ngoba lokhu kuholela emiphumeleni emibi engasongela impilo yomuntu. Kuyingozi ukwedlula umthamo, ngoba lokhu kuholela ekufeni.

Kufanele usebenzise kuphela izidakamizwa ezisezingeni eliphakeme ezingaba nemiphumela emincane ephakathi yokuphendula. Ngaphambi kokuthenga imali, udinga ukucwaninga ukuthi iyini i-insulin. Izindleko azibonisi njalo isimo sangempela sezinto.

Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yabakhiqizi abanedumela elihle kuphela abanegama elide. Ngaphambi kokuthenga i-insulin ukuze usebenzise isikhathi eside, ungafunda nokubuyekezwa kwabantu nodokotela abanekhono.

Ividiyo ekulesi sihloko ikhuluma ngeqhaza le-insulin yama-hormone kuyo yonke imisebenzi yomzimba.

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