Bafundi abathandekayo, sixoleleni, kepha ukuze sibakholise ukuthi uhlelo lwe-endocrine lomuntu lubaluleke kakhulu empilweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi womzimba wonke, sizophendukela kwizibonelo ezizokwenza ukuthi isingeniso sivelise isikhathi eside, kepha siwusizo kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke inombolo yemilingo iyishumi nambili.
Emlandweni wesintu, yadlala indima engcwele. Cabanga nje: abafundi bakhe abayi-12 balandela uKristu; ngenxa yezenzo zakhe eziyi-12, uHercules waduma; Onkulunkulu abayi-12 bahlala e-Olympus; kuBuddha, umuntu udlula ezigabeni eziyi-12 zokuzalwa kabusha kwakhe.
Lezi zibonelo zihlobana nezehlakalo namaqiniso axhunyaniswe ngokungalingani nenombolo neshumi nambili. Futhi kunezibonelo eziningi ezinjalo. Kwanele ukukhumbula izincwadi ne-cinema.
Ngakho-ke, akuyona into eyenzeka ngengqondo yokuthi indawo yonke, ukudala umuntu, "yayalelwe" ngakho-ke kuyizakhi eziyishumi nambili zomzimba kanye nezisebenzayo ezibhekele impilo yomuntu.
Imininingwane ejwayelekile nemisebenzi yesakhiwo
Uhlelo lwe-endocrine luyinkimbinkimbi eyinkimbinkimbi elawula ngosizo lwama-hormone ukusebenza kwezindlela zangaphakathi zabantu. Ama-hormone akhiqizwa amangqamuzana akhethekile angena egazini ngokuqondile noma ngokufaka ngaphakathi, avele phakathi nendawo ehlangana, futhi angene ngamangqamuzana angomakhelwane.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, indlela yokusebenza ye-endocrine ingaqhathaniswa nomnyango wezezimali ebhizinisini, eliqondisa, liqondise futhi liqinisekise ukusebenzisana kweminyango nezinsizakalo, funda izinhlaka zabantu.
Ukuqhubeka nomqondo wemisebenzi yokulawula yendlela ye-endocrine, kungaqhathaniswa ne-autopilot, ngoba yona, njengethuluzi lendiza, ihlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo ngokuvumelanisa umzimba nezimo zokushintsha kwezemvelo. U "xhumana "osondele kakhulu noma, ngokuqondile, ekusebenzisaneni amasosha omzimba.
Uhlobo oluthile lokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezinqubweni ezenzeka emzimbeni luyisimiso somuntu, ngosizo lapho izinto ezibandakanyekayo emzimbeni zithwalwa emzimbeni wonke.
Ama-hormone athulwe izitho zomzimba, izicubu namangqamuzana abamba iqhaza kulawulo oluhlazayo lwemisebenzi yomzimba. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa imidiya ewuketshezi (i-lat. Humor - uketshezi), njenge-lymph, igazi, uketshezi lwezicubu, amathe.
Ukufingqa okungenhla, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa (imininingwane) inhloso yokusebenza kohlelo:
- Ubamba iqhaza kulawulo lwezinqubo zamakhemikhali, ngaleyo ndlela axhumanise umsebenzi olinganayo womzimba wonke.
- Ekushintsheni kwezimo zezemvelo (izimo zokuphila), i-homeostasis iyagcinwa, okungukuthi, ukungenelwa kombuso ofanele womzimba - khumbula i-autopilot.
- Ekusebenzisaneni okusondelene namasistimu okuzivikela omzimba nezinzwa, kuvusa intuthuko ejwayelekile yomuntu: ukukhula, ukukhula ngocansi, umsebenzi wokuzala, isizukulwane, ukongiwa kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwamandla.
- Ngokusebenzisana ngqo nohlelo lwezinzwa, kubandakanyeka ekunikezeni umsebenzi wengqondo kanye nowengqondo.
Izinto ezithinta ingqondo
Lapho "imithwalo yemfanelo" eminingi kangaka "yabelwe" ohlelweni lwe-endocrine, kuphakama umbuzo osemthethweni: ubani futhi uhileleka kanjani ekusebenzeni kwawo?
Ukwakheka kwale ndlela eyinkimbinkimbi kufaka phakathi izindlala namaseli:
- I-Endocrine. Yilezi zitho ezikhiqiza ama-hormone (i-pituitary, pineal, gren adrenal gland, gland).
- Amangqamuzana akhiqiza ama-hormone. Benza bobabili ama-endocrine neminye imisebenzi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-hypothalamus, i-thymus, i-pancreas.
- Amaseli angashadile noma phazamisa uhlelo lwe-endocrine.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ingxenye yemisebenzi ye-endocrine yathathwa isibindi, amathumbu, amabala, izinso nesisu.
I-yegilo yegilo
Indlala yegilo, noma empilweni elula yansuku zonke, i- "thyroid gland" iyisitho esincane esinesisindo esingaphezu kwama-20 amagremu, asendaweni engezansi kwentamo. It got igama layo ngenxa indawo anatomical - phambi kwe-cartilage yegilo ye-larynx. Siqukethe ama-lobes amabili axhunywe yi-isthmus.
Indlala yegilo ikhiqiza ama-hormone aqukethe i-iodine abamba iqhaza emgudwini we-metabolism futhi ikhuthaza ukukhula kwamaseli ngamanye.
Ezinye izinto ezikhiqizwa yi-gland yegland - ama-hormone egilo - nawo ayabandakanyeka kule nqubo. Abathinti kuphela ijubane lezinqubo ze-metabolic, kodwa futhi bagqugquzela kahle amaseli nezicubu ezibandakanyekile kuwo.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto ezikhishwe yi-thyroid ezingena ngaso leso sikhathi egazini akunakusebenzisa ngokweqile.
Khumbula ukuqhathanisa ne-autopilot futhi? Ngakho-ke, la makhompiyutha “kwimodi ezenzakalelayo” aqinisekisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile kobuchopho, izinzwa zenhliziyo nezinzwa, ipheshana lesisu, umsebenzi wezitho zangasese nowobisi, nomsebenzi wokuzala womzimba.
Thymus
Isitho se-thymus noma i-thymus sitholakala ngemuva kwe-sternum engxenyeni yayo ephezulu.
Ihlelwe izingxenye ezimbili (ama-lobes), axhumeke ngethoni yokuxhuma okuxakile esakhiweni.
Njengoba sivumile ngaphambili, sizokhulumisana ngokucacile ngangokunokwenzeka kumfundi.
Ngakho-ke - siphendula umbuzo: yini i-thymus, futhi futhi - yini inhloso yayo? Ama-Lymphocyte, amasosha egazi anjalo angabavikeli bomzimba, ku-thymus gland lapho bethola khona izinto eziwasiza ukuba akwazi ukumelana namaseli athi, ngenxa yezimo ezithile, abe ngumzimba womuntu.
I-Thymus iyisitho esiyisisekelo sokungavikeleki. Ukulahleka noma ukuncipha kokusebenza kwayo kuzoholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwemisebenzi yokuvikela umzimba. Akukfanele ngisho nokukhuluma ngemiphumela.
Izindlala zeParathyroid
Ukuhlakanipha kwabantu kuqondile: UNkulunkulu wamdala umuntu, kepha akamondelanga izingxenye ezithile. Yizindlala ze-parathyroid ezingamalungu ezitho zomuntu ezingenakulungiswa ezilawula i-calcium-phosphorus metabolism.
Bakhiqiza i-parathyroid hormone. Nguye olawula futhi alinganise okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus ne-calcium egazini. Lezo zinto ziba nomthelela ekusebenzeni kahle kwamasipha omzimba, ezinzwa nasemathanjeni omzimba.
Ukususwa noma ukungasebenzi kwalezi zitho ngenxa yomonakalo wazo yimbangela yokwehla kwenhlekelele kokuqukethwe kwe-ionized calcium egazini, okuholela ekuqinisekisweni nasekufeni.
Ekwelapheni i-parathyroid gland, umuthi wesimanje uhlala ubeka umsebenzi ofanayo nodokotela ohlinzayo we-endocrinologist - ukugcina nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwegazi kwakhe okuphezulu.
Izindlala ze-Adrenal
Hhawu, lo mqondo wezinso, izinhlungu ze-adrenal. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhlanganisa konke?
Kuyavela ukuthi cha. Uma imvelo ibahlukanisa, khona-ke kwakudingekile. Ukuze sikwenze kucace ngokushesha, siyaqaphela: izinso nezindlala ze-adrenal ziyizitho ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele, nezinhloso ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzayo.
Izindlala ze-adrenal ziyisakhiwo esibhanqiwe sezindlala ze-endocrine. Zikhona ngazinye zitholakala ngenhla "kwezinso" zezinso zazo eduze kwesigxobo esingaphezulu.
Izindlala ze-adrenal zenza imisebenzi yokulawula isizinda sehomoni, azibandakanyi ekwakhekeni kokungazweli komzimba, kodwa futhi nakwezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile ezenzeka emzimbeni.
Lezi zitho ze-endocrine "zikhiqiza" ama-hormone amane abalulekile kubantu: i-cortisol, ne-androgen, i-aldosterone ne-adrenaline, ebhekene nokulingana kwe-hormonal, ukunciphisa ukucindezelwa, ukusebenza kwenhliziyo nesisindo.
Amanyikwe
Isitho sokugaya sesibili ngobukhulu esenza imisebenzi ehlukile exubile sibizwa ngokuthi ama-pancreas.
Ngemuva kokuphonsa amehlo "okuqonda" womfundi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi itholakala nje hhayi ngaphansi kwesisu, okuyinto esebenza kanzima kakhulu. Futhi uma ungazi ukuthi le "zinger" itholakala kuphi, enazo zonke izimpawu ezidingekayo zalo mzimba, umsila nekhanda, khona-ke unenhlanhla - kusho ukuthi une-pancreas enempilo.
Kepha ukuqeda igebe lesimo somzimba, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi litholakala kuphi:
- ikhanda lisondelene ne-duodenum;
- umzimba usemuva kwesisu;
- umsila eduze kwefindo.
Ukuqhubeka nomcabango ophazamisekile ngezinhloso ezi-pancreas ezimbili, kufanelekile ukucacisa:
- Umsebenzi ongaphandle, esiwukhumbulayo, ubizwa ngokuthi yi-exocrine, uqukethe ukwabiwa kwejusi ye-pancreatic. Inama-enzymes wokugaya, wona, anomphumela omuhle kwinqubo yokugaya.
- Amaseli we-secretion yangaphakathi (i-endocrine) akhiqiza ama-hormone enza imisebenzi yokulawula kwinqubo ye-metabolic - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pypreatic polypeptide.
Izizukulwane
Izitho zangasese zenzelwe ukunikeza umsebenzi kathathu:
- ukukhiqizwa nokuxhumana kwamaseli wegciwane;
- umanyolo;
- ukondleka nokuvikelwa kwesibeletho emzimbeni kamama.
Uma kucatshangelwa ukusebenza kahle kwezingxenye ezihlukile zesitho sangasese sowesilisa nowesifazane, izinhloso ezintathu ezibalulekile kufanele ziphawulwe:
- gonads;
- izindunduma zangasese;
- I-copulative noma, ngamanye amagama, izitho zokulingisa.
Njengoba le ndatshana imayelana nohlelo lwe-endocrine, lapho-ke ngikhuluma ngale ngxenye ekhona ezitho zangasese, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukubaluleka kwama-hormone owesilisa nawesifazane.
Ama-Androgens - ama-hormone ocansi amaseli owesilisa nama-estrogen - ngokwemvelo, ngowesifazane, anomthelela omkhulu kumetabolism, ukukhula okuvumelanayo komzimba wonke futhi unesibopho sokwakheka kohlelo lokuzala ngokwalo kanye nokuthuthuka kwezimpawu zobulili zesibili.
Ama-Androgens aqinisekisa ukukhula okusebenzayo kanye nokusebenza kwezitho zangasese, ukwakheka komzimba okunezici zobudoda, ukwakhiwa kwemisipha, kuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwezwi ngamanothi aphansi.
Ama-estrogens akha umzimba wesifazane omuhle, akhule izindlala ezincelisayo, alinganise umjikelezo wokuya esikhathini, adale izimo ezinhle zokukhulelwa kwengane.
Umbono obangelwa ukuthi ama-hormone owesilisa akhiqizwa emzimbeni wesilisa kuphela, kanti kukhiqizwa ama-hormone abesifazane emzimbeni womuntu wesifazane. Cha - kungumsebenzi ovumelanayo wazo zombili izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona kumuntu, kungakhathalekile ubulili, obuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kobuso besitho somzimba.
Isikhumba sendawo
Iqhaza elisebenzayo nokubaluleka kwendlala ye-pituitary empilweni yomuntu kumane nje kuyinto enzima ukuyiqonda ngokweqile.
Kwanele ukusho nje ukuthi kukhiqiza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-22 zama-hormone ezenziwe nge-adenohypophysis, ngaphambili kwe-hypovis, yile:
- ISomatotropic.
Ngenxa yakhe, umuntu uyakhula, athole izilinganiso ezifanele zezimpawu ezigcizelela ubulili. - I-Gonadotropic. Ngokusheshisa ukwakheka kwama-hormone ocansi, kuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezitho zobulili.
- I-Prolactin noma i-lactotropic. Ikhuthaza ukubukeka nokuhlukaniswa kobisi.
- I-Thyrotropic. Yenza imisebenzi ebalulekile kwinqubo yokusebenzisana kwama-hormone egilo.
- I-Adrenocorticotropic. Khulisa ukukhululeka (secretion) kwama-glucocorticoids - ama-hormone e-steroid.
- I-Pancreatic. Inomphumela onenzuzo ekusebenzeni kwengxenye ye-prasreas ye-intrasecretory, ekhiqiza i-insulin, i-lipocaine ne-glucagon.
- I-Parathyrotropic. Isebenzisa izindlala ze-parathyroid ngenkathi kukhiqizwa i-calcium engena egazini.
- Ama-hormone wamafutha, i-carbohydrate kanye ne-protein metabolism.
Ngenxa yakhe, umuntu uyakhula, athole izilinganiso ezifanele zezimpawu ezigcizelela ubulili.Ngemuva emuva kwe-pituitary gland (i-neurohypophysis), lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zama-hormone zenziwe:
- I-antidiuretic noma i-vasopressin. Njengomphumela wethonya lawo, kuncipha imithambo yegazi bese kuthi ukuphuma kube kunciphe.
- I-Oxetocin. Le nto, eyinkimbinkimbi ngesakhiwo, "ithatha" ingxenye enqumayo enqubweni yokuzalwa kwengane nokuqunjelwa, inciphisa isibeletho kanye nokwandisa ithoni yemisipha.
I-Epiphysis
I-pineal gland, noma njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi i-pineal gland, isho inqubo yokuqothula i-endocrine. Kwethulwa emzimbeni njengengxenye yokugcina yezinsiza ezibonakalayo.
Yimaphi amagama okufanele uwakhethe ukugcizelela ukubaluleka okubalulekile kwesitho esifana ne-pineal gland?
Vele, sidinga izibonelo ezigculisayo:
- URene Descartes wayekholelwa ukuthi i-pineal gland ngumgcini womphefumlo womuntu;
- I-Schopenhauer - yathatha indlala ye-pineal njenge "iso lephupho";
- i-yogis igcizelela ukuthi le yi-chakra yesithupha;
- Ama-esotericists asenza sikholelwe ukuthi umuntu ovusa lesi sitho esimanzi uzothola isipho se-clairvoyance.
Ngokulungile, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ososayensi abaningi, bebona ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ekwakheni isintu, banamathela ekubukeni kwezinguquko ezibeka kuqala 'iso lesithathu' ku-epiphysis.
Ngingathanda ikakhulukazi ukugcizelela iqhaza lendlala ye-pineal end synthesis of melatonin - i-hormone enjalo enobubanzi obusebenzayo.
Kuthinta kakhulu:
- ukushintshana nge-pigment;
- ngezigqi ezithile zonyaka nezansuku zonke;
- emisebenzini yezocansi;
- ezinqubweni zokuguga, ukunciphisa noma ukusheshisa;
- ekwakhekeni kwezithombe ezibonakalayo;
- ukufaka esikhundleni sokulala nokuphaphama;
- ukubona kombala.
Ithebula le-hormonal ngendlela ejwayelekile likhombisa ukwakheka kohlelo lwe-endocrine:
| I-iron | Ukwenza kwasendaweni | Isakhiwo | Ama-hormone atholakele |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isikhumba sendawo | Akhiwe phansi kwengqondo | Ingxenye yangaphambili i-adenohypophysis, ingemuva yi-neurohypophysis. | i-tomotropin, i-thyrotropin, i-corticotropin, i-prolactin, ama-hormone, i-oxytocin ne-vasopressin. |
| I-Epiphysis | Itholakala phakathi kwama-cerebral hemispheres | Kuqukethe amaseli we-paponchyma. Isakhiwo siqukethe ama-neurons | i-serotonin |
| I-Hypothalamus | Ungomunye weminyango yobuchopho. | Ukuqongelelwa kwama-neurons akha i-hypothalamic nucleus | gandoliberins, tyroleiberin, co-statin, co-metabolite, polactoliberin, polactostatin, thyroliberin, corticoliberin, melanoliberin |
| I-yegilo yegilo | Engxenyeni engezansi yentamo, ngaphansi kwe-larynx | Iqukethe ama-lobes amabili axhunywe yi-isthmus | ICalcitonin, i-Thyroxin, i-Thyrocalcitonin. triiodothyronine |
| I-Thymus (i-thymus gland) | Ngaphezulu kweSternum | Iqukethe ama-lobes amabili axhumeke ngendwangu evulekile | i-thymosin, i-thymulin, i-thymopoietin. |
| Izindlala ezivikelekile | Kubekwe eduze kwendlala yegilo | Inesimo esiyindilinga | isikrini |
| Abaxhumana nabo | Ibekwe ngaphezulu kwezigxobo zezinso ezingaphezulu | Inezinto zobuchopho kanye ne-cortex | i-adrenaline, i-dopamine, i-noreprenaline, njll. |
| I-pancreatic gland | Ubekwe emgodini wesisu, eduze kwesisu nobubanzi | Ukwakheka okumaphakathi okubandakanya inhloko, umzimba nomsila | co-matostatin, insulin, glucagon. |
| Ama-ovaries | Izitho zokuzala zowesifazane ezitholakala ku-pelvis | Amafonti abekwe ku-cortex | isoftware ne-estrogen |
| Amasende (ama-testicles) | U-genitalia obhangqiwe wehlela e-scrotum | Ungenwe ngama-tubules avela kamboziwe, embozwe nge-membrane enemicu | testosterone |
Ifilimu yesayensi eyaziwayo:
Ukubuka konke kwePathology
Ekhuluma ngokwephulwa komsebenzi we-endocrine mechanism ehambisana nokungasebenzi kahle noma ukugula kwezinhlelo ngazinye, kuvela isibonelo somkhwekazi ompunga, ongeke umjabulise umalokazana wakhe. Konke akulungile ngaye.
Okufanayo ngohlelo lwe-endocrine - kokubili ne-hyperfunction (ukunqwabelana kwamahomoni) kanye ne-hypofunction (ukuntuleka kwayo), ukungasebenzi kahle kwezindlala, umphumela wazo okungukungalingani komzimba womuntu wonke. Ngezwi ukusho: futhi kanjalo futhi ngakho-ke kubi.
Izimbangela eziholela ekuphazamisweni kwe-endocrine zingahluka kakhulu:
- Ukungasebenzi kohlelo oluphambili lwezinzwa: ukuhlukumezeka kwengqondo, ukucindezela okukhulu, i-neurosis, izinqubo zokuvuvukala.
- Ama-tumors athinta izindlala ze-endocrine.
- Umonakalo wasekhaya ekunikezelweni kwegazi: usizi, i-hemorrhage.
- Ukuvuvukala ngenxa yokuvezwa yigciwane, amagciwane noma i-radiation.
- Izici ze-alimentary - izinkinga zokudla okunempilo: ukuntuleka kwe-iodine, ama-carbohydrate amaningi, njll.
- Izizathu zemvelo yamafa.
Ukucacisa izimbangela ze-pathogenesis, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umgodi wokuqalisa wokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine kungaba ukwephulwa komyalo olandelayo:
- glandular eyinhloko;
- post-iron;
- i-centrifugal.
Futhi, uhlobo ngalunye lokuphazamiseka lunezimo zalo zokucabanga:
- Ukuphazamiseka okuyisisekelo glandular kuqhamuke ngenxa yokwehluleka kwe-biosynthesis (ukukhiqizwa) kwama-hormone akhiqizwa i-peripheral endocrine gland.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwensimbi yensimbi kwenzeka lapho kunokuphulwa kokuhlangana kokusebenza kwama-hormone ngama-receptor akhethekile amaseli nezicubu, futhi ngenxa yokushiswa kwama-hormone.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Centrogenic. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokuvela kwazo zilimaza izicubu zobuchopho: usizi, i-hemorrhage, nesimila.
Zonke izitho ezibalulekile zixhunyaniswe ngokungalingani nezinqubo ze-endocrine ezilawula futhi zilinganise lonke umjikelezo wokuphila komuntu. Noma yikuphi ukwehluleka noma ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwale nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kuholela ekuqothulweni kwayo sonke isigqi semvelo, kugcwele imiphumela engeguquki.
